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Observation of ultrafast solid-density plasma dynamics using femtosecond X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser Melanie Rödel Institute for Radiation Physics Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
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Collaboration Alexander Pelka Yordan Georgiev Eduardo Granados
Josefine Metzkes Arthur Erbe Christian Rödel Irene Prencipe Uwe Hübner L. Fletcher Alejandro L. Garcia Christian Gutt Emma McBride Melanie Rödel Motoaki Nakatsutsumi Siegfried Glenzer Martin Rehwald Lingen Huang Nicholas Hartley Christian Schroer Richard Pausch Michael Bussmann Andreas Schropp Axel Hübl Lieselotte Obst Frank Seiboth Rene Widera Marco Garten Eric Galtier Alexander Debus Karl Zeil Hae Ja Lee Ulrich Schramm Malte Zacharias Inhyuk Nam Thomas E. Cowan Tommy Schönherr Eliseo Gamboa Thomas Kluge This work was supported by HIBEF ( This project has received funding from the European Union‘s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No Partially supported by EC FP7 LASERLAB-EUROPE/CHARPAC (contract ) and German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (contract 03Z1O511). This work was partially supported by DOE Office of Science, Fusion Energy Science under FWP The experiments were performed at the Matter at Extreme Conditions (MEC) instrument of LCLS, supported by the DOE Office of Science, Fusion Energy Science under contract No. SF00515.
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Motivation Motivation Metzkes et al., NJP 16, 023008 (2014)
Kluge et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, (2014)
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Motivation: Acceleration of high energy protons
Instabilities: Weibel instabilities Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities Target front surface expansion Hole boring Plasmons Modulations of the electron density in the bulk Size: nm - µm Time scales: several fs- ps Inaccessible with conventional diagnostics Plasma expansion Hole boring Metzkes et al., NJP 16, (2014) Kluge et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, (2014)
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Motivation Motivation Metzkes et al., NJP 16, 023008 (2014)
Kluge et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, (2014)
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Motivation Using XFELs to probe plasmas
Challenges in laser experiments XFEL properties Probe bulk material High transmission (E≈4-20keV) Short time scales Short pulse duration (≈40 fs) Small density variations Scattering with up to 1012 photons per pulse Small length scales Small wavelength enables access to small length scales
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Motivation X-ray scattering techniques for probing plasmas
Å nm-µm >0.5µm WAXS SAXS PCI Crystal/Amorphous structure Nanoscopic modulations in the electron density Microscopic structure of the target XFEL Laser Kraus, Dominik et al., Nature Communications 7 (2016) Kluge et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, (2014) Schropp, Andreas et al., Scientific reports 5 (2015):
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Experimental realization XFELs + UHI lasers
There are currently only 3 facilities worldwide combining high-intensity lasers and XFELs: LCLS: MEC endstation (in operation) SACLA: BL3, EH6 (in commissioning) European XFEL: HED/ Hibef (commissioning starts 2018)
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Experimental realization: X-ray Setup
detector beamstop XFEL Energy: 8keV Pulse duration: ~40fs Spot on target: ca. 20µm Photons per pulse: ~1012 Optical pump laser target Optical UHI Laser Ti-Sapphire Laser Focal spot: 16µm x 31µm Pulse duration: 80fs Intensity: 4.4 ⋅1017 W/cm2 slits XFEL Be lenses Undulator
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Experimental results Investigating plasma dynamics with tailored targets
Hole boring: Slow: Up to 40ps Large features: µm deep hole boring Plasma expansion: Fast: 100 fs up to 5ps Small features: Few nm length scale
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Experimental results Plasma expansion– measured with grating targets
Flat surface: Almost no density contrast in the projection ↓ Use target with pre-inscribed density contrast critical density
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Experimental results Plasma expansion– measured with grating targets
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Experimental results Plasma expansion– measured with grating targets
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Experimental results Plasma expansion– measured with grating targets
Visible σ range: ca. 1nm – 50nm
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Summary SAXS is a versatile tool to investigate laser target interaction on a few nm- to µm scale at a 10fs to ps temporal resolution SAXS experiments help to understand: Instabilities Target front surface expansion Hole boring Plasmons
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Outlook Further analysis
Further analysis of the data to gain more quantitative information Compare SAXS results to PIC simulations Implement multi-scattering effects in the simulations and combine forwards calculations with PIC simulations
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Outlook Further experiments
Develop an improved SAXS setup for Hibef Repeat experiment with higher pump laser intensity to see instabilities/ filaments Kluge et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, (2014)
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