1. Atomic Structure

2. What is a theory?
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world;
an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena;
"theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses"

3. "If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants
"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants." --Isaac Newton

4. Early Theories Democritus: 4 B.C.: “atom”
Believed there were 4 elements:
Fire, Air, Water, Earth

5. Dalton: 1766-1844 >All elements composed of tiny particles
called atoms
>Atoms of same element are identical;
atoms of different elements are different
>Atoms of different elements can physically
mix together or chemically combine to form
compounds
>Chemical reactions cannot change atoms
of one type of element to another

6. Thomson: 1856-1940 >discovered electrons in 1897
>used a cathode ray tube
>the ray produced was deflected by an electrical field (showed that atoms had particles with (-) charge)

7. Cathode Ray Tubes
A cathode ray tube or CRT is a specialized vacuum tube in which images are produced when an electron beam strikes a phosphorescent surface.
TVs, PCs, ATMs, video games, video cameras, and monitors all contain cathode-ray tubes.
Displays millions of colors.

8. Rutherford: 1871-1937 >Gold Foil Experiment
>Discovered the nucleus

9. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
Shot positively charged alpha particles at gold foil
Results
Most particles passed through the foil
A few were deflected

10. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
Conclusions
small, dense, positively charged core (nucleus)
the rest of the atom is empty space

11. Modern Theories Bohr  planetary model
electrons arranged in concentric circular patterns
paths or orbits around nucleus (energy level)
Wave-Mechanical Model  Electron Cloud Model
based on the ideas that orbitals are the area of highest probability where an electron will be found.
Orbitals have a variety of shapes and names (s, p, d, f)

12. Example: Wave Mechanical Model
Ψ2 (psi2) is a calculation that can predict the probability of finding an electron in a given area.

13. Summary- Atomic Models
Dalton’s Cannonball

14. Thomson’s Plum Pudding

15. Rutherford’s Nuclear Model

16. Bohr’s Planetary Model

17. Wave-Mechanical Model

18. **Note: amu = atomic mass unit
Subatomic Particles
1 amu = 1/12th mass of a carbon-12 atom
Name
Symbol
Charge
Mass
Proton
(located in nucleus  nucleon) p+ +1
1 amu
Neutron (located in nucleus  nucleon) n0
Electron (located outside the nucleus in orbitals) e- -1
1/1836 amu
**Note: amu = atomic mass unit

19. C Atomic Number Equal to the number of protons
Every element has its own atomic number
See Periodic Table C 6

20. Mass Number
Equal to the sum of the protons and the neutrons (whole number)
Can be written as carbon-12 C 12

21. To find:
# of protons 
look up atomic number on Periodic Table

22. To find: # of electrons 
in a neutral atom, it is equal to the number of protons

23. To find: # of neutrons  if protons + neutrons = mass then,
# of neutrons = mass # - # protons

24. Practice
Element
Atomic #
Mass #
# of protons
# of neutrons
# of electrons Ca Mg Na He 20 40 20 20 20 12 24 12 12 12 11 23 11 12 11 2 4 2 2 2

25. Do Now 1. What is the nuclear charge of a sulfur atom?
1. What is the nuclear charge of a sulfur atom?
2. If an atom has 5 protons and 6 neutrons how many electrons does it have? What would the mass of this atom be?
3. What must all atoms of the same element have in common?
4. List the relative mass, charge and location of all three subatomic particles?
5. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does an atom of Lithium-7 have?
6. What conclusions about the atom where discovered as a result of the Gold Foil Experiment?

26. Ions Defined as “charged particles”
Ions are formed when the number of electrons changes.
If a (+) ion is formed, electrons are lost (called cations).
If a (-) ion is formed, electrons are gained (called anions).

27. Examples Ca2+ A Ca atom has 20 protons and 20 electrons.
A Ca2+ ion has lost two electrons to have 18.

28. Examples Cl- A Cl atom has 17 protons and 17 electrons.
A Cl- ion has gained one electron to have 18.

29. Practice
Element
Atomic #
Mass # p n e Zn
Fe3+ F I-
Li+ 30 30 65 30 35 26 56 26 30 23 9 19 9 10 9
127 53 74 54 53 3 4 3 7 2

30. Isotopes
Definition: Atoms that have the same atomic number (same # of protons) but a different mass number (different # of neutrons)

31. X Isotopic Symbols Must write isotopic symbol to show mass
2 Isotopes will have the same atomic # (bottom) and a different mass # (top) X
Mass #
Atomic #

32. Write the isotopic symbol for:
Carbon-14 (write a symbol for a different isotope of carbon) C 14 6

33. Write the isotopic symbol for:
Oxygen-17 (write a symbol for a different isotope of carbon) O 17 8

34. Write the isotopic symbol for:
Chlorine-37 (write a symbol for a different isotope of carbon) Cl 37 17

35. 3 Common Isotopes of Hydrogen
Name
Symbol #p #e #n
Mass
Protium H 1
Deuterium 2
Tritium 3 1 1 2 1 3 1

36. Why is atomic mass not a whole number?
The atomic mass on the periodic table is a weighted average of the isotopes of the elements.
The weighted atomic mass takes into account the relative abundances of all the naturally occurring isotopes.

37. How do you calculate a weighted average?
To calculate the weighted average you convert each percentage to a decimal by moving it 2 places left. Multiply the decimal by the mass for each isotope and add them all up.
Or you can multiply the percent abundance (without moving the decimal) by the mass for each isotope add them all up and divide by 100
See Examples

38. Example of a general weighted average
Your grade in chemistry
70% exams
10% quizzes
10% labs
10% HW/CW 87
(0.70)85 + (0.10)100 + (0.10)95 + (0.10)80 =

39. Example 1: 10.812 amu Determine weighted atomic mass
Boron % amu
Boron % amu
amu
(0.1978) (.8022) =

40. Example 2 39.101 amu Determine weighted atomic mass
Potassium % amu
Potassium % amu
amu
(0.9312) (0.0688) =

41. Do Now How many total electrons does an Al+3 ion have?
If a neutral atom has 10 neutrons and 8 electrons how many protons does it have?
How does an atom of Lithium-7 differ from an atom of Beryllium-9
Compare a Na+1 ion to a Na atom?
How are 14N , 15N and 16N different and the same?

42. Bohr models How do electrons “orbit” the nucleus?
Each principal energy level …
is a fixed distance from the nucleus
can hold a specific number of electrons
has a definite amount of energy

43. The greater the distance from the nucleus…the greater the energy of the electrons in it.
The orbits are called principal energy levels or shells.

44. Energy levels or shells
energy level number of e-
Increasing distance from nucleus
Increasing energy

45. Bohr models: examples -energy levels and total number of electrons
nucleus---
# protons
And neutrons
2 e-
Electron configuration: element’s symbol and number of
electrons in each orbit; LOOK UNDER ATOMIC NUMBER
ON PT of E

46. TRY THESE
12 p+
12 n0 Mg
2 e e e-
Electron configuration (bottom left corner on PT): Mg 2-8-2
H Na F C

47. answers H Na H 1 Na 2-8-1 F C F 2-7 C 2-4 11 p+ 12 n0 1p+ 1 e-
2 e- 8e-1e-
9 p+
10 n0
6 p+
6 n0
2 e- 7 e-
2 e- 4 e-

48. Lewis Dot Diagrams
Valence shell: outer most shell of an atom that contains electrons
Valence electrons: electrons that occupy the valence shell (last number in electron configuration)
Electron dot diagrams or Lewis dot diagrams:
show only the valence shell of the atom
Ex: Lewis dot for nitrogen: N

49. TRY THESE
O F C
Ne I K

50. Ions For ions: remember that ions have gained or lost electrons.
Use periodic table to find charge of ion (see table)
For dot diagrams of Ions
(+)ions  indicate charge no dots around the symbol
(-)ions  use brackets, charge, and always 8 dots around the symbol

51. Dot Diagrams for Ions
Ca  Ca+2
Cl  [ Cl ]-1

52. Ground State vs. Excited State
When all electrons in an atom occupy the lowest available orbitals, it is said to be in the ground state.
When electron(s) absorb energy, they have the ability to jump to higher energy levels.
The excited state is when electrons have absorbed energy and no longer occupy the lowest available energy levels.

53. Possible Excited States
Na (ground state)
Na (possible excited state)
Na (another possible excited state)
2-8-1
2-7-2
2-6-3
2-5-4

54. Absorption
When an electron “jumps” to a higher energy level it absorbs energy.
The excited state is a temporary state.
Excited State
(i.e. energy level 2) e-
Ground State
(i.e. Energy level 1)

55. Emission
The electron then falls back down to the ground state, emitting energy.
The energy is in the form of light.

56. This radiant energy has a characteristic color and wavelength that can be determined.
Every electron transition produces a specific wavelength of light and all transitions for an element blend together.
This light can be separated through a prism into its various wavelength components.
Every element has its own unique bright line spectrum that can be used to help identify the presence of that element.
Ex: elements in a star, forensic analysis, flame tests, spectroscopy

57. Light and Atomic Spectra (bright line spectra)
Electromagnetic spectrum consists of light that exists as waves.

58. Sunlight and prisms
Sunlight produces a continuous range of wavelengths and frequencies that can be separated into all the colors of the rainbow.
R O Y G B I V.

59. Atomic emission spectra produce narrow lines of color called bright line spectra.
Each line corresponds to an exact wavelength.

61. Experiments – Flame Tests
Flame Tests – demonstrates the emission spectrum of a substance.
Completed by heating elements to high temperatures so they may enter excited state.
Characteristic color will be emitted as excited electrons return to ground state.
Used to determine metal ion presence in unknown substance.

62. Experiments – Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy – used to view the bright line spectra for given gases.
Completed by viewing a gas tube through which an electric current is passed.
Use an instrument called a spectroscope, contains a prism to separate emitted light into line spectra.