1. Section 5.2
The Integers

2. What You Will Learn
Upon completion of this section, you will be able to:
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide integers.
Simplify expressions involving exponents on integers.
Simplify expressions using the order of operations.

3. Whole Numbers
The set of whole numbers contains the set of natural numbers and the number 0.
Whole numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…}

4. Integers
The set of integers consists of negative integers, 0, and the positive integers.
Integers = {…, –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…}
On a number line, the positive numbers extend to the right from zero; the negative numbers extend to the left from zero.

5. Real Number Line –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Positive integers extend to the right from zero, equally spaced
Negative integers extend to the left from zero, using the same spacing
Contains integers and all other real numbers that are not integers
Line continues indefinitely in both directions

6. Inequality > is greater than < is less than–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
> is greater than
< is less than
On the number line, numbers increase from left to right
2 is to the left of 3
2 < 3 or 3 > 2
Symbol always points to the smaller number

7. Example 1: Writing an Inequality
Insert either > or < in the shaded area between the paired numbers to make the statement correct.
a) –
<
b) – –8
>
d) – –4
<
c) –
<

8. Addition of Integers Represented geometrically using a number line.
Begin at 0 on the number line. Represent the first addend by an arrow starting at 0.
Draw the arrow to the right if the addend is positive.
Draw the arrow to the left if the addend is negative.

9. Addition of Integers
From the tip of the first arrow, draw a second arrow to represent the second addend
Draw the second arrow to the right (positive addend) or left (negative addend)
Sum of the two integers is found at the tip of the second arrow

10. Example 2: Adding Integers
Evaluate using a number line.
a) 3 + (–5) • • • –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Thus, 3 + (–5) = –2

11. Example 1: Adding Integers
Evaluate using a number line.
b) –1 + (–4) • • • –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Thus, –1 + (–4) = –5

12. Example 1: Adding Integers
Evaluate using a number line.
c) –6 + 4 • • • –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Thus, –6 + 4 = –2

13. Example 1: Adding Integers
Evaluate using a number line.
d) 3 + (–3) • • –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Thus, 3 + (–3) = 0

14. Subtraction of Integers
Any subtraction problem can be rewritten as an addition problem.
a – b = a + (–b)
The rule for subtraction indicates that to subtract b from a, add the additive inverse of b to a.

15. Example 4: Subtracting: Adding the Inverse
Evaluate.
a) –8 – 5
Solution
–8 – 5 = –8 + (–5) = –13
b) –8 – (–5)
–8 – (–5) = –8 + 5 = –3

16. Example 4: Subtracting: Adding the Inverse
Evaluate.
c) 8 – (–5)
Solution
8 – (–5) = = 13
d) 8 – 5
8 – 5 = 8 + (–5) = 3

17. Multiplication Property of Zero
a • 0 = 0 • a = 0
The multiplication property of zero is important in our discussion of multiplication of integers.
It indicates that the product of 0 and any number is 0.

18. Rules for Multiplication
The product of two numbers with like signs (positive × positive or negative × negative) is a positive number.
The product of two numbers with unlike signs (positive × negative or negative × positive) is a negative number.

19. Example 6: Multiplying Integers
Evaluate.
a) 7 • 8
7 • 8 = 56
b) 7 • (–8)
7 • (–8)= –56
c) (–7) • 8
(–7) • 8 = –56
d) (–7) • (–8)
(–7) • (–8) = 56

20. Division
For any a, b, and c where b ≠ 0,
means c • b = a.

21. Rules for Division
The quotient of two numbers with like signs (positive ÷ positive or negative ÷ negative) is a positive number.
The quotient of two numbers with unlike signs (positive ÷ negative or negative ÷ positive) is a negative number.

22. Example 7: Dividing Integers
Evaluate.
= 7
= –7
= –7
= 7

23. Exponents
In the expression 52, the 2 is referred to as the exponent and the 5 is referred to as the base.
In general, the number b to the nth power, written bn, means }
2 factors of 5

24. Example 8: Evaluating the Power of a Number
Evaluate. 52
Solution
52 = 5 • 5 = 25

25. Order of Operations
First, perform all operations within parenthesis or other grouping symbols.
Next, evaluate all exponents
Next, perform all multiplications and divisions going from left to right.
Finally, perform all additions and subtractions going from left to right.

26. Example 10: Using the Order of Operations
Evaluate
Solution