1. High School Biology Class
Chapter 20 – Kingdoms
High School Biology Class

2. The Kingdoms of Life
Aristotle classified all organisms into TWO kingdoms, Plants and Animals.
Modern scientists use SIX kingdoms.

4. Kingdom Monera
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are sometimes combined together into one kingdom called Monera.
Together the bacteria kingdoms make up the largest number of living things on Earth.
All members are classified as prokaryotes and reproduce by binary fission.

5. 1) Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell type: Prokaryote
Cell structure: Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Body type: Unicellular
Nutrition: Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Example: Methanomicrobium mobile

6. 1) Kingdom Archaebacteria
The prefix “archae” means “ancient."
Modern Archaebacteria may be directly descended from the first organisms on Earth.
They are unicellular prokaryotes with distinctive cell membranes that lack peptidoglycan.

7. 1) Kingdom Archaebacteria
Some are autotrophic, but most are heterotrophic.
Many Archaebacteria live in harsh environments such as sulfurous hot springs, very salty lakes, and in anaerobic environments, such as the intestines of mammals.
Hot Springs

8. 2) Kingdom Eubacteria Cell type: Prokaryote
Cell structure: Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Body type: Unicellular
Nutrition: Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Example:Bacillus subtilis

9. 2) Kingdom Eubacteria The prefix “eu” means “true.“
They are unicellular prokaryotes that have cell membranes that contain peptidoglycan.
Eubacteria are both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Eubacteria are most often the bacteria (germs) that affect your life such as those involved in tooth decay or food poisoning.

10. 2) Kingdom Eubacteria

11. 3) Kingdom Protista Cell type: Eukaryote Cell structure: Varies
Body type: Unicellular or Multicellular
Nutrition: Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Example: Euglena gracilis

12. 3) Kingdom Protista Referred to as “The Catch-All Kingdom”
Organisms are placed here more because of what they are not than what they are. 

13. 3) Kingdom Protista
The Kingdom Protista contains all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi.
There are more than 50,000 species in the kingdom which include unicellular and a few multicellular eukaryotes like Euglena and Amoebas.

14. 4) Kingdom Fungi Cell type: Eukaryote
Cell structure: Cell walls with chitin
Body type: Unicellular or Multicellular
Nutrition: Heterotrophic
Example: Penicillium notatum

15. 4) Kingdom Fungi Fungi are eukaryotes and most are multicellular.
The cells of fungi have cell walls that contain a material called chitin.

16. 4) Kingdom Fungi
These organisms are heterotrophic and obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into a food source. They then absorb their food after it has been digested by the enzymes.
Fungi act either as decomposers or as parasites in nature and include molds, mildews, mushrooms, and yeast.

17. 5) Kingdom Plantae Cell type: Eukaryote
Cell structure: Cell walls with cellulose
Body type: Multicellular
Nutrition: Autotrophic
Example: Pinus radiata (pine tree)

18. 5) Kingdom Plantae
Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular and carry out photosynthesis.
The cells of plants have cell walls, that contain cellulose.

19. 5) Kingdom Plantae
Plant cells are specialized for different functions, such as photosynthesis, transportation of materials, and support.
Plants include mosses, ferns, gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants).

20. 6) Kingdom Animalia Cell type: Eukaryote Cell structure: NO cell walls
Body type: Multicellular
Nutrition: Heterotrophic
Example: Loxodonta africana (elephant)

21. 6) Kingdom Animalia
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic and heterothophic.
Animal cells have no cell walls.

22. 6) Kingdom Animalia
Most members of the Animal Kingdom can move from place to place.
Although some are permanently attached to surfaces such as sponges and barnacles.
Animals include fish, insects, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals (including humans).

23. Kingdom Relationships
The kingdom development is thought to look something like shown below:

24. Any Questions?
“Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty. Anyone who keeps learning stays young.”
--Henry Ford
“Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.”
--Skinner