1. Photosynthesis

2. Entropy Lots of energy in a system to less energy in a system
 thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system. 2.
lack of order or predictability; gradual decline into disorder.
Study guide question 19, 20, 21, 40, 43,

3. Going from order (lots of energy) to disorder in a system
Going from order (lots of energy) to disorder in a system. Your room will get dirty unless you decrease the entropy by adding cleaning energy into your system.

4. Our body, and a plants do not have entropy because we continually put energy (food or sunlight) into our system. If we didn’t eat or drink, our bodies would have entropy.

5. Energy is needed to maintain Homeostasis.
Examples
Muscle Cell Contraction
Moving ions by active transport
Break down & build up molecules
Metabolism !
Brain functions
To keep warm (75% or more !)
Moving

6. Carbohydrates & fats for Stored Energy
This is Potential Energy
Plants capture sunlight
Store Chemical energy in the form of ATP

7. Troph= Feed

8. Autotrophs = Self Feed
Organisms can use Sunlight directly to make food (chemical energy) from inorganic molecules

9. Adenosine Triphosphate
The Energy currency in the cell  to transfer energy from sun or chemical bonds (food) to whatever our cells need to do is stored in the compound ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates

10. ADP has 2 phosphates and is used energy
ATP Has
3 Phosphates
stores energy
Study guide 44, 45, 46,
2 phosphates
ADP has 2 phosphates and is used energy

13. Sodium-Potassium Pump
This exchange allows muscles to contract and relax.

14. Van Helmont Thought Dirt caused Plants to Grow
Year 1 Dirt =5Kg,
plant = 3kg
Year 5 Dirt =5Kg, Plant =25kg
Result: Dirt Does NOT give the plants energy (food) to grow

15. Pastor Priestly found that plants made a candle burn longer than a candle without it in a jar.

16. He repeated this experiment with a mouse and a plant.

17. Ingenhausz Light and Dark

18. From those experiments, the photosynthesis equation was created
Study Guide question 11, 59, 62, 67

19. Carried out by autotrophs. Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Reactants are the ingredients
Products are the molecules that are made

20. Study Guide question 3,22, 24, 28, 52
Stroma is liquid
Light reaction occurs in the Membranes called Grana.
These are stacked molecules of Thylakoids

21. Light Spectrum Light is a form of Radiation.
Radiation has different wave lengths based upon their energy levels.
Sunlight is Visible (white) light
Contains ALL colors: ROYGBIV
Least to most energetic
We see what is Reflected, NOT Absorbed !

22. How plants absorb light
Plant Pigments absorb useful wavelengths
The color you see is reflected light
Chlorophyll is the primary pigment and is the color green.
So it reflects green and absorbs red, yellow, blue, violet
Two Types
Chlorophyll A: Mostly RED & Violet
Chlorophyll B: Blues & Orange
Carotenoids are the second major pigments
Absorbs light blue to deep green
Reflect Orange (Red and Yellow)

23. Chlorophyll Pigment in Chloroplast.
Study Guide question 37

24. Chlorophyll a and b
Study Guide question 2, 33, 70

25. If it gets too hot, the stomata will close and not take in any CO2

26. 6CO2 + 6H2O+ Light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis Formula involves two steps. First step is to get the ingredients and the second step is to make the sugar.
6CO2 + 6H2O+ Light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light Dependent Part
Light Independent Part
Study Guide question 53, 72

27. Photosynthetic Process
Light Reactions – requires sunlight to capture & make energy
Calvin Cycle - Dark
Independent of sunlight.
Can occur day or night – at anytime
Uses energy to make glucose (sugar)

28. Light Dependent
Study Guide question 14, 15, 16

29. Light Dependent Reaction

30. Light + H2O H+ + ATP + O2 Light energy absorbed NADP+  NADPH
O2 Production
(thank a plant as you breath !!)
Sunlight splits 2 H2O molecules 
O H e-
ATP formation
Energy built up due to charge difference across membrane
P + ADP + energy  ATP

31. Calvin Cycle Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Goal: To synthesize organic molecules (as sugar) from inorganic CO2.
CO2 comes in through the pores of the leaves called stomata.
H+ comes from the light reaction
ATP from light reaction provides the energy.
This is an energy conversion from ATP to Glucose.
H+ + ATP + CO C6H12O6

32. Calvin Cycle Making a Sugar
Study Guide question 49

33. Notice that to create one sugar, it requires
Light Independent
Calvin Cycle
Study Guide question 41, 63,
Notice that to create one sugar, it requires
9 ATPs
Creation of a Sugar Molecule

34. Gas Exchange in a Plant

35. This conversion of CO2 into C6H12O6 is crucial to life on Earth
This conversion of CO2 into C6H12O6 is crucial to life on Earth. This is one of the only reactions that is able to trap C into an organic molecule.
The main products are Carbohydrates
Sugars (Glucose, Sucrose), Starch or Cellulose
These can be converted by the cell into most molecules needed by the plant.
This molecule is the basic building block needed for the plant growth and energy

36. In each liquid is BTB, which will turn yellow in the presence of CO2
What Color will D, C, A liquid be?
What would happen if the mouse were running on a wheel?
Study Guide question 4, 5, 6

37. Things That Affect Rates of Photosynthesis Amount of Light
Study Guide question 10,11, 12, 13

38. Things That Affect Rates of Photosynthesis Intensity of Light
Study Guide question 12,74, 75
Light Intensity

39. Things That Affect Rates of Photosynthesis Temperature
Study Guide question 32
Temperature
# of Produced Bubbles

40. Things That Affect Rates of Photosynthesis Decrease in Temperature
# of Produced Bubbles
Study Guide question 12,74, 75

41. Things That Affect Rates of Photosynthesis Amount of Water
Study Guide question
12,74, 75
# of Produced Bubbles
More Water

42. Which is has more entropy (disorder) Ice or water?