1. ADDRESSING COMMUNITY VIOLENCE THROUGH TRAINING: RUKAJUU Beekeeping
Authors:
Anne H. Outwater1, Stephen Msemo3, Linda Helgesson Sekai4, Masunga Iseselo1, Method Kazaura1, Japhet Killewo1 Alison G.Abraham2
1Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania 2Johns Hopkins University, USA 3Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania 4 Development Pioneer Consultants, Tanzania
BACKGROUND
More than half of DSM homicides are a result of community violence (Outwater et al., 2008). In 2005, it was found, those most at risk for homicide death were:
male Tanzanians, aged years,
lacking employment
< primary school education expected to participate in material support of family members.
The deceased were caught stealing sale-able goods.
Theoretically,
employment for male youth will increase functional interdependence and equality within the community,
as well as decrease the need to commit deviant acts such as public theft (Senechal de la Roche, 1996).
The most humane way to decrease petty theft is through appropriate employment (Outwater et al., 2015) .
But what occupations are actually available to such young men?
Project Goals
To decrease community violence and
increase well-being in Dar es Salaam
Pilot Study Objectives
To develop four interventions and
gain insight into operationalizing these interventions and the tools to measure their effect.
METHODS
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Session
Health
Entrepreneurship + Health
Beekeeping +Health
Health + Entrepreneurship + Beekeeping
1. Introduction √
2. Beginning Beekeeping
3. Starting Beekeeping
4. Sources of Capital
5. Mind your Health
6.Environment, Forests, Bees
7.Harvesting
8. Marketing
9. Saving and Investing Profit
10.Business Plan
Total # of sessions 2 6 10
Questions to be answered: Feasibility
Timing:
What are the optimum times for interviewing subjects?
Statistically is it necessary to interview the subjects 3times?
What is optimal timing for class room and field sessions?
Availability of subjects:
Is it possible to follow the subjects over the study’s duration?
If they drop out, why?
Cooperation of others including subjects, bees, GOT:
How will the government/ university/NGO partnership work best?
Will the groups be able to work together over time?
Do the beehives stay where they are placed?
Will the bees stay in the hives, or do they abscond?
How much honey can actually be harvested?
Will the subjects care for the bees adequately?
Facilities and equipment:
Are the facilities accessible to youth?
Are they able to access forests for hive placement?
Are monies budgeted for activities the right amount?
Experience of the researchers
Are all the skills available, all that is needed?
Money
How much money will be needed to fund a study with 20 groups per arm?
Does it seem worthwhile to scale up?
RESULTS
Groups 3 and 4 have limited access to their hives due to distance from their residence, money for fare, and inability to have free access to the government forest.
In addition, of a total 7 hives hung, after 8 months all were empty. In 2 bees had entered but then absconded.
Both traditional hives collapsed before they were hung.
From 243 mapped camps in 4 wards in DSM, 12 fit eligibility requirements; four were chosen for intervention.
Implementation of the ten session intervention took longer than planned due to:
national election atmosphere when youth were not invited into government forests for several months, and
bees have been less cooperative than expected.
The human respondents have been cooperative, and attendance to all sessions has averaged 95%. Only one respondent has been lost to follow-up; a youth from Group1 killed for stealing a lady’s handbag.
Collaborators including MUHAS,Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, and FEMA have been willing.
References
Outwater, A.H., Campbell, J.C., Mgaya,E., Abraham,A.G., Kinabo, L., Kazaura, M., & Kub, J. Homicide death surveillance in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (2008). International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion,15(4),
Outwater, A.H., Campbell, J.C.,& Mgaya,E. Implementation of WHO/CDC Guidelines for Intentional Injury Death Surveillance: A Mixed-Methods Approach in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (2011).Homicide Studies,15(3),
Outwater A, Mgaya E, Msemo S, Helgesson L, Abraham AG. Youth Unemployment, Community Violence, Creating Opportunities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A qualitative study. Tanzania Journal of Health Research 2015; 17(1).
Senechal de la Roche, R. (1996). Collective Violence as Social Control.Sociological Forum, 11(1),
Thespina J. Yamanis , Suzanne Maman, Jessie K. Mbwambo , Jo Anne E. Earp , Lusajo J. Kajula (2010). Social venues that protect against and promote HIV risk for young men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Social Science & Medicine, e1609
CONCLUSION
At risk youth are willing and able to attend an intervention over one year. The Beekeeping groups might be more sustainable if the beekeepers were using land that is nearby and freely accessible to them. The Entrepreneurship group wrote a business plan for supporting beekeeping in rural areas through sales in urban areas