1. Chapter 14: The Urinary System
Lesson 14.1
Anatomy of the Kidney

2. Kidney Location and Size

3. Anatomy of the Kidney Retroperitoneal and fat covered renal cortex
11 cm X 3cm X 6cm
150 gm
renal cortex
Outer, light colored
renal medulla
Middle, darker
Renal pyramids
renal pelvis
Inner, leads to ureter
hollow

4. Anatomy of the Kidney renal medulla Ureter bladder Pyramid Columns
Base- out
Papilla-in
Columns
Separate
Ureter
One for each
bladder
urethra

5. Nerve and Blood Supply 20–25% of blood flows to kidneys renal artery
renal vein
sympathetic nerve system
renal nerve fibers
Mesh around renal artery
Everything connects at the Hilum

6. The Nephron basic working unit of each kidney two main parts
Each kidney has 1 million nephrons
Each nephron has a blood supply and creates urine
two main parts
renal corpuscle
Glomerulus (capillaries)
Glomerular capsule ( collecting cup)
Enters at afferent, exits at efferent (arterioles)
Like a cul-de-sac
renal tubule
processing

8. The Glomerulus glomerular capsule outer surface Podocytes interlock
filtration slits
wastes sifted out of blood

9. Renal Tubule proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
At glomerulus
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Descending (thin walls) and ascending
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
collecting duct
Receives from several nephrons
Drains to renal pelvis

10. Blood Flow through the Kidneys
renal artery
afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Plasma and wastes removed
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
Secondary capillaries
Fluid reabsorption
Venules
renal vein

11. Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion
Chapter 14: The Urinary System
Lesson 14.2
Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion

12. Urine Formation filtration reabsorption secretion
water and solutes from capillary to glomerular capsular space
reabsorption
water and solutes move from tubule to capillary
secretion
wastes in capillary pushed into tubule

13. Urine Formation

14. Filtration molecules smaller than 3 nanometers pushed out of blood
hydrostatic pressure
caused by potential energy (high to low)
osmotic pressure
from dissolved substances in water (salt sucks)
pressure controls
constriction of arteries

15. Reabsorption sodium secondary active transport osmotic pressure
actively pumped out by sodium-potassium pump proteins
secondary active transport
glucose, amino acids, ions, vitamins
osmotic pressure
aquaporin channels
Ion movement

16. Reabsorption

17. Secretion maintain arterial blood pH at 7.4 (active)
hydrogen ions
bicarbonate ions
some drugs secreted
penicillin
aspirin

18. The Renal Medulla nephron loop descending loop ascending loop
reabsorb water
ascending loop
reabsorb sodium (pump)

19. The Countercurrent Mechanism
Blood flows “down and back”, so does filtrate
vasa recta
movement of blood
nephron loop
movement of filtrate

20. Hormonal Regulation of Urine Volume and Composition
aldosterone
Response to drop in Na or rise in K= more aldosterone
Drop in BP= Renin (hormone) reacts to produce angiotensin to increase pressure
Acts on distal tubule to inc sodium in waste= increased osmosis
atrial natriuretic peptide
Response to increased BP ( atrial stretch)
Blocks sodium reabsorption in collecting ducts
causes urine volume to increase (drop pressure, release water)
antidiuretic hormone
causes urine volume to decrease ( hold water, increase pressure)
Dehydration=high ADH=less urine, Hydration= Low ADH=more urine

21. Urine Storage ureter bladder urethra kidney to bladder Smooth muscle
stores urine
Transitional cells
Trigone- ureters and urethra
Prostate- men ml
urethra
bladder to outside body
Smooth muscle/ sphincters
Male 20 cm, Female 3-4 cm

22. Urine Storage

23. Urine Excretion micturition Stretch Internal Realize Voluntary
Urination
Stretch
Internal
Realize
Voluntary
External
Release

24. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Chapter 14: The Urinary System
Lesson 14.3
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System

25. Assessing Renal Function
physical characteristics of urine
pH range 4.5–8.0
spG to 1.035
0.5-2 L/day
chemical composition of urine
95% water, 5% waste
Urea, Nitrogen, ions
glomerular filtration rate
estimate with creatinine concentration in blood
Muscle metabolism byproduct, quickly filtered

26. Diabetes diabetes mellitus diabetes insipidus
glucose in urine- osmosis is the reason!
type I, type II
Proteinuria, ketoacidosis and renal failure.
diabetes insipidus
large amount of dilute urine (>12L spG <1.002)
ADH not made or not used
Common in low Hcg (dwarfism)… Remember?

27. Normal Blood Glucose and Blood Insulin Levels
carbohydrate digestion leads to an increase in blood glucose level
increase in blood glucose level causes the pancreas to secrete insulin
increase in blood insulin level causes
liver glucose uptake
liver conversion of glucose to glycogen
skeletal muscle glucose uptake
skeletal muscle conversion of glucose to glycogen

28. Chronic Kidney Disease
kidney damage
glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min for at least 3 months
develops slowly
Usually diabetes related
When GFR drops to <15ml/min= renal failure
Waste product accumulation, pH uncontrolled, only dialysis or transplant will keep alive
Dialysis becomes more frequent, more health effects. Why?

29. Renal Dialysis- remove H20, urea and Na
hemodialysis
Dialyzer- artificial kidney (external)
peritoneal dialysis
dialysis solution introduced via port to AP cavity
peritoneum acts as dialysis membrane

30. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
kidney stones (pelvis)
calcium, magnesium, or uric acid
<5mm can pass
Lithotripsy- US waves to break stones apart
Fluids good…..
urinary tract infection
Bacteria up urethra to bladder
cystitis
more common in women than men
Can go to kidneys if untreated= pyelonephritis+ back pain