1. Reform and Western Influence

2. The Self-Strengthening Movement
Aim was military strength
Manufacture weapons
Officials set up the first modern industrial enterprises

3. The Treaty Ports Reasons for their growth Low tariffs
Extraterritoriality
British commercial law

4. Refugees in a Shanghai shantytown

6. Shanghai British merchants

7. Shanghai British family c 1900

9. Sassoon family properties

10. St John’s University, Shanghai

11. Shanghai, Indian army band c. 1900

12. A class at French school that took mainly Russian refugee children

13. Shanghai Japanese Shinto shrine

14. The growth of a social class with an interest in modernisation
Government employees
Yan Fu
Overseas Chinese

15. Merchants who work with foreign traders (compradores)
Tang Jingxing
Sir Boshan Wei Yuk (compradore of forerunner of HSBC Bank)
Feel excluded from the government

16. Rise of oppositional public opinion
Newspapers
Writers
Political parties

17. The Qing dynasty’s problems in the 1890s
Dependence on the treaty system
Decentralisation
The rise of regional governors
Zeng Guofan
Li Hongzhang
Foreign imperialism
Vietnam 1884
Korea 1895
Taiwan 1895

18. The 100 Days Reforms of 1898
Kang Youwei petitions the young Guangxu emperor
Abolition of the “eight-legged” essay
Stimulate agriculture, industry and commerce
Western-style drills in the army
Coup by Dowager Empress Cixi
Kang creates China’s first political party
The Protect the Emperor Society