1. Psychology: An Introduction
Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition
Slides by Kimberly Foreman
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

2. States of Consciousness
Chapter Six:
States of Consciousness
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3. Wide Awake: Normal Waking Consciousness
Consciousness - state of awareness
Daydreams:
everyday consciousness and dreams
combined in the state of waking
consciousness
Revised this slide
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4. Wide Awake: Normal Waking Consciousness (cont.)
Divided consciousness:
- being in two places (mentally) at the same time
Ernest Hilgard :
conscious awareness becomes “split” and simultaneously perform two activities
requiring conscious awareness
- e.g., talking on a cell phone while driving
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5. Wide Awake: Normal Waking Consciousness (cont.)
The concept of the unconscious mind:
cocktail party phenomenon—the ability to focus on one voice and tune out other voices.
i.e. this usually happens at a party this is where the name comes from
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6. Sleep and Dreams Stages of sleep:
- hypnagogic state: a twilight stage between wakefulness and sleep
- myoclonia: a falling sensation that may occur during the hypnagogic state
Revised removed charts. Added the definitions to the words that appear in the slide.
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

7. Sleep and Dreams (cont.)
REM sleep and dreams:
- Aserinsky and Kleitman:
- rapid-eye-movement sleep
- Webb:
- autonomic storms
- time spent dreaming:
- 2 hours per night divided into 4 to 6 episodes
- last part of the sleep cycle
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8. Sleep and Dreams (cont.)
Non-REM sleep and dreams:
- on average, non-REM dreams are less
bizarre and filled with less negative
emotion than REM dreams
- non-REM dreams occur 2–3 hours per night
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9. Sleep and Dreams (cont.)
Circadian rhythms:
- body’s internal
clock
- regular pattern that
lasts about 24 hours
These aid in consistent sleep:
- hormone melatonin
- growth hormone
- body temperature
cortisol
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10. Sleep and Dreams (cont.)
Meaning of dreams:
- day residue and stimulus incorporation
- dream interpretation:
- manifest content
- latent content
I deleted the original slide ten.
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11. Sleep and Dreams (cont.)
Nightmares and other sleep phenomena:
- nightmares:
- mostly during REM
- night terrors
- sleepwalking
- sleep-talking
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12. Sleep and Dreams (cont.)
Sleep disorders:
- insomnia:
- sleep-onset
- early-awakening
- narcolepsy
- sleep apnea
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13. Altered States of Consciousness
- may occur during meditation, during
drug use, during an unusually intense
sexual orgasm, or during a moment
of religious conversion
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14. Altered States of Consciousness (cont.)
Types:
- distortions of perception
- intense positive emotions
- sense of unity
- self-evident reality
Removed the last bullet
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15. Altered States of Consciousness (cont.)
Meditation:
- transcendental state:
- different from normal consciousness
Mindfulness:
focusing one’s conscious awareness
completely on the present
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16. Altered States of Consciousness (cont.)
Hypnosis:
- characteristics:
- relaxation
- hypnotic hallucinations
- hypnotic analgesia
- hypnotic age regression
hypnotic control
Deleted about the seances.
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17. Drugs and Altered Consciousness
Drug use: effects how it change your conscious state
- dose and purity
- personal characteristics
- expectations
- social situation
- moods
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18. Drugs and Altered Consciousness (cont.)
Psychotropic drugs:
- stimulants:
- amphetamine psychosis
- ephedra
- “crystal meth”
- cocaine
- depressants:
- alcohol
- sedatives and tranquilizers:
- antianxiety drugs
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19. Drugs and Altered Consciousness (cont.)
Psychotropic drugs (cont.):
- narcotics:
- opiates
- oxycontin
- inhalants
- hallucinogens:
- LSD
- marijuana
- designer drugs:
- Ecstasy
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20. Drugs and Altered Consciousness (cont.)
Human diversity: substance abuse and diversity
25% of adolescents and adults have had a
substance abuse problem at some
time in life
abuse is twice as common in men than in women
African Americans have been found less
likely than whites to abuse drugs
Deleted original twenty.
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