1. USSA ALPINE OFFICIAL’S REFEREE or JURY ADVISOR

2. GENERAL INFORMATION: DETERMINING AN ATHLETE’S AGE CLASS
An athlete’s competition age class is calculated by their actual age on December 31 of the competition season.
The current competition season is July 1, 2016 – June 30, 2017.
An athlete’s competition age class will be determined by their actual age on December 31, 2016.

3. USSA CONCUSSION POLICY
Any USSA athlete – including those with USSA General or Short Term Athlete memberships – suspected of having sustained a concussion must be removed immediately from participation in USSA sporting events (e.g. sanctioned training, practice, camps, competitions or tryouts).
The athlete will be prohibited from further participation until evaluated and cleared in writing to resume participation.
Upon removal of an athlete from participation for a suspected concussion, the USSA TD or member coach making the removal must inform USSA Competition Services at
Athletes medically cleared to resume participation must provide medical clearance. (A “Head Injury Evaluation” is available in the “Master Packet of Forms”.)
If necessary, properly executed medical clearance can be presented to and accepted by an on-site Jury.
For athletes under the age of 18, the “Concussion Medical Evaluation Form” requesting return to training/competition must be signed by the respective athlete’s parent/legal guardian.

4. MEMBERSHIP & CERTIFICATIONS
Jury members, Jury Advisors (Start and Finish Referee), Chief of Course and Course Setters must be current members of USSA as a Coach/Official or Official
Jury members must be appropriately certified; Referee and Assistant Referee (speed events) must be certified Referees for all levels of competition: scored and non-scored
Jury Advisors for scored events must either be a certified Referee, Jury Advisor or Chief of Race
Jury Advisors for non-scored events should either be a certified Referee, Jury Advisor or Chief of Race. Jury Advisors for non-scored events must – at a minimum – be certified Competition Officials.
Coaches must be Coach members in order to participate in any capacity at any USSA event – scored or non-scored; this includes serving as an on-hill coach.

5. COACHES’ USSA MEMBERSHIP REQUIREMENT
Except in specific instances where the event has been pre-approved, coaches must have current USSA Coach membership in order to participate in any capacity at any USSA-sanctioned event
This requirement includes on-hill coaching
OC may require that coaches present current membership cards!

6. REFEREE and JURY ADVISOR
Sources of Information
Duties and Responsibilities of the Referee
Duties and Responsibilities of the Jury Advisor at the Start (Start Referee)
Duties and Responsibilities of the Jury Advisor at the Finish (Finish Referee)
Race-Day Scenarios

7. Resources and References
FIS
ICR
Precisions
ftp://ftp.fisski.ch
Rules of FIS Points
WC & COC rules
FIS Equipment Rules
Calendar & bylaws
USSA
Competition Guide
USSA Equipment Rules
Region/Division Links
Region/Division Handbooks
AO Manual

8. Reference Materials Glossary of Job Descriptions Forms
Study Guide and Update
USSA Competition Regulations (ACR) & Precisions
USSA Course Specifications
USSA Code of Conduct
FIS ICR & Precisions

9. What is a “Connection Coach”?
One or two are appointed depending on type and level of event
Serve as liaison between all Team Captains and the Jury
Serve as on-hill “Eyes of the Jury”
May supervise yellow flag zones in DH and SG*
Have voice but no vote in Jury matters/decision
*Depending on terrain, Jury may also choose to appoint Connection Coach(es) for Giant Slalom events

10. ALPINE OFFICIAL REFEREE
Duties and Responsibilities of the Referee

11. Referee’s Job Description USSA/FIS 601.4.10
Draws start numbers
Receives start and finish reports
Reviews GJ cards for Faults and other notes, e.g. interference
Signs and posts the Report by the Referee
Attends Jury meetings: votes and verifies the vote with his/her signature!

12. Report by the Referee This form must be completed for each classification gender for each run Posted on Scoreboard/ Official Notice Board with date and time of posting as well as expiration time Bib # as well as named athlete must be reviewed by Team Captains regardless of whether or not they feel one of their competitors may have committed a fault (DSQ) Protest period is 15 minutes!
SKI AREA USA ####
YOUR RACE
DATE
LEVEL MEN GS - 2
5 McBride, Brett USA J. WILSON STRADDLE
101
SIGNATURE
15:00 15: S/REFEREE

13. SCORED EVENT: 2nd-Run Tracking of 1st-Run DNF, DSQ Athletes
The USSA Technical Delegate Report requires documentation of these calculations, and for events where 1st- run DNF, DSQ athletes are allowed to start in the 2nd run, this can create a unique challenge.
The Chief of Timing & Calculations and the Race Administrator account for all competitors.
Some Technical Delegates may instruct the Chief of Timing & Calculations to stop recording after all valid 2nd-run starters have completed their run.
This will result in an incomplete record of the event, so the following is suggested as an alternative procedure:
1. Start Referee notifies Timing when last valid 2nd-run starter has left
the start
2. Chief of Timing & Calculations or assistant makes appropriate
notations in the DNS and DNF sections of the Report by the Referee

14. SCORED EVENT: 2nd-Run Tracking of 1st-Run DNF, DSQ Athletes
The following is suggested method. Chief of Timing or assistant may use recording method of their choice; e.g.: End 2nd Run, Run 1 Racers, etc. Report by the Referee will now concisely reflect how many actual 2nd-Run DNS and DNF competitors are to be considered in calculation of “Finishers/Total Ranked” on Result.

15. Referee: A Member of the Jury
Tenure of the Jury Radios for all
USSA/FIS USSA/FIS
Technical Duties Jury Minutes
USSA/FIS USSA/FIS ,
Organizational Duties Course Inspection
USSA/FIS /
USSA/FIS DH 703.2
USSA/FIS SL (see 614.3)
USSA/FIS GS (see 614.3)
USSA/FIS SG 1004 (see 614.3)
Disciplinary Duties
USSA/FIS

16. WHAT IS DUE PROCESS?
Due Process is "the conduct of formal proceedings according to established rules and principles for the protection and enforcement of private rights, including notice and the right to a fair hearing before a tribunal with the power to decide the case."
The Jury shall provide the athlete a full and complete opportunity to present his or her side of the case before imposing any sanctions.
USSA/FIS : & 646.2

17. Equipment Rules USSA/FIS Additional rules Ski Stand Height
Ski Boot Height
Ski Radius
Ski Profile Length
Ski Length
Helmets – required for USSA and FIS
DH, SG, GS, SL Competitors and Forerunners
Protective Armor – Forearms, Shins & Knees, Back Protectors

18. COMPETITION EQUIPMENT
Equipment is the responsibility of the athlete and in the case of a minor, their parents or guardians.
Equipment must be maintained and utilized in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
Protests against equipment at a USSA non-FIS event must be handled in accordance with current USSA Equipment Control/Protest Guidelines.
Protests against equipment at a FIS event must be handled in accordance with current FIS rules.
Equipment violations are subject to disqualification and other sanctions as determined by the Jury. Sanction may be against the individual competitor, or the competitor’s coach if it is determined that he/she is complicit in the use of equipment known to be in violation of the rules.

19. EQUIPMENT CONTROL: USSA non-FIS Events
Skis must be marked by the manufacture with both the length and the radius. Unmarked skis will be grounds for disqualification.
USSA scored alpine events, competition equipment will be subject to unannounced control.
USSA non-scored technical events (GS and SL), equipment control will be dealt with only on a protest basis.
In the case of all speed events (SG and DH, scored and non-scored) where the Jury has allowed control of equipment at the start for compliance, the athlete will not be allowed to start if their equipment does not meet the current marked specifications.
Unless clear violation of equipment rules exists, e.g. no helmet, attached helmet camera, missing or broken ski brakes, SG skis in a GS, etc., the Start Referee must not refuse an athlete’s right to start. An athlete in a USSA non-FIS event is also allowed to personalize their helmet with the application of bling, stickers, helmet camera mount, etc.
The Start and Finish Referees’ responsibility to monitor equipment and communicate to the Jury is critical in this process and should be reviewed by the TD at each event. TD instructions to these individuals must be clear. It is essential that the Start and Finish Referee communicate with and report their findings to the competition Jury.

20. EQUIPMENT PROTESTS:
The athlete must compete or intend to compete on the suspect equipment.
The Coach or Team Captain who observes the equipment that is suspect must alert the Start Referee of his imminent intention to protest the equipment being used by that competitor.
The Coach or Team Captain must formalize the protest, at the end of the run, with the written protest and the $100 (one hundred USD) protest fee.
If the athlete has started, the Start Referee alerts the Finish Referee and the Jury, that there is a pending protest against equipment. The equipment must be evaluated or confiscated for evaluation when the competitor arrives in the finish.
Finish Referee should stop the competitor with suspect equipment and confiscate the suspect equipment pending the filing of the formal protest and Jury review. Confiscation should be witnessed and third-party access to the confiscated equipment must be avoided.
Equipment protests cannot be considered or accepted if the suspect equipment has left the finish area.

21. EQUIPMENT PROTESTS/TESTING:
If approved testing devices are available, or compliance can be confirmed through checking the manufacturer’s marks, the Jury will then evaluate the equipment and render a decision regarding the equipment. The decision of the Jury shall be final.
If approved testing devices are not available, or the Jury is unable to reach a consensus, the Jury must seal and ship the equipment to the USSA National Office for evaluation. USSA’s decision shall be final.
The Jury will use the $100 (one hundred USD) protest fee to cover the initial shipping costs. The losing party will be charged by USSA for all expenses related to shipping and testing. Reimbursement must be submitted within 10 (ten) working days of notice of USSA’s decision.
Acceptable equipment control devices for USSA non-FIS event alpine equipment evaluation include:
Reliable Racing stand height calipers
FIS-approved equipment-testing devices

22. EQUIPMENT CONTROL: FIS Events
FIS event on-site equipment control may only be conducted by a FIS measurement expert using official FIS measuring tools
Skis must be clearly marked with both the length and the radius. Unmarked skis will be grounds for disqualification
In the case of a speed event (SG & DH) where the jury has allowed inspection of equipment at the start for compliance, the athlete will not be allowed to start if their equipment does not meet the current marked specifications
Unless clear violation of equipment rules exists, e.g. no helmet, attached helmet camera or helmet camera mount, missing or broken ski brakes, GS skis in a SG, etc., the Start Referee must not refuse an athlete’s right to start

23. SUSPECT EQUIPMENT/PROTESTS: FIS Events
If protest is involved, Team Captain must notify Start Referee of intention to file a protest
Start Referee notifies Jury and Finish Referee of protest or, if no protest is filed, of suspect equipment
Protesting Team Captain must file written protest and pay applicable protest fee prior to Jury meeting
Finish Referee confiscates equipment before it leaves finish area
Third-party access to protested/suspect equipment must be avoided
Equipment must be confiscated in front of witnesses and must be shipped (sealed) to FIS
Losing party pays all costs

24. COMPETITORS’ PROTECTIVE MEASURES
With exception of forearm protection used in SG, GS and SL and shin protection used in SL, body protection must be worn under the suit
This includes knee braces
If a knee brace is worn over the suit, it must be covered with fabric, e.g. a piece of an old suit

25. HELMETS
ALL EVENTS:
U14+ athletes must use helmets that meet FIS standards for all USSA GS, SG and DH competitions. Competitors whose helmets are not in compliance will not be allowed to start in these events.
Soft ear protection only allowed in Slalom
Helmets with spoilers or edges that protrude are not allowed (does not apply to Slalom headgear)
USSA & FIS do not allow use of helmet-mounted cameras*
USSA: Athletes with personalized helmets; e.g. bling, stickers, camera mounts, etc., are allowed to start.
FIS: NO CAMERAS / NO CAMERA MOUNTS

26. BACK PROTECTORS Back protectors are not mandatory. If used:
The back protector must adapt to the anatomical bend of the athlete’s spine and lie flat against the body.
The top edge of the back protector must be situated in the area of the spinal column and may not go above the 7th cervical vertebrae (C7).
The maximum thickness must be in the middle part and may not exceed 45 mm; the thickness reduces at the edges of the back protector.
Designs with the view to improve aerodynamic properties are forbidden.
The back protector, as with knee braces, etc.*, must be worn underneath the competition suit. (If a knee brace must be worn over the competition suit, it must be covered, e.g. with a piece of an old suit.)
*Exception forearm protection used in SG, GS and SL and shin protection used in SL

27. NECESSARY COURSE CHANGES: MADE/APPROVED BY JURY
USSA/FIS
In cases of necessary changes on the course, such as small relocation of gates:
An additional inspection or training run is not necessary.
Details must be communicated to all Team Captains and competitors must be informed by the Referee at the start. (Start Referee).

28. Referee: During the Race
USSA ALPINE OFFICIALS
Referee: During the Race

29. “START STOP!” USSA/FIS 705.5
“Start Stop” is called via radio by Jury Member, Eyes of the Jury (a coach positioned at a yellow flag zone) or Jury Advisor when it is necessary to control the departure of the next racer – usually because the preceding racer has fallen and the racer or racer’s equipment is blocking the course. “Start Stop” commands are applicable at all levels of events.
On command, Start Referee closes start
Start Referee states, in concise manner via Jury radio:
Bib # of last competitor started
Bib # of competitor held at start
Example: “START STOP confirmed,
number 24 on course,
number 25 at the start”
Extra verbiage discouraged; Jury channel must be kept open!

30. “START STOP, YELLOW FLAG STOP”
In order to control the departure of the next racer and stop the competitor(s) already on course – again because the preceding racer has fallen and the course may be blocked, Jury Member calling
“START STOP”
is responsible for calling:
“START STOP, YELLOW FLAG STOP!”
On command, Start Referee immediately closes the start and states, in a concise manner via Jury radio:
Bib # of last competitor started
Bib # of competitor held at start

31. “START STOP” or “START STOP/YELLOW FLAG STOP” IS CALLED:
Ski Patrol assigned to the event and in radio contact with the Jury, is now on alert that medical assistance may be required.
If Jury Member calls for medical assistance, Ski Patrol assigned to the event first verifies that the course is clear, i.e.: no racer is on course,
Once Ski Patrol assigned to the event has verified that it has a clear course, it responds to the call for medical assistance.
SKI PATROL ASSIGNED TO THE EVENT ARE THE FIRST RESPONDERS -
NOT COACHES / TRAINERS / OFFICIALS / PARENTS / other ATHLETES!

32. REOPENING THE COURSE
The individual (Jury member, eyes of the Jury or Jury Advisor) who called the “START STOP” or “START STOP, YELLOW FLAG STOP” is responsible for releasing the course hold.
The course is reopened at the direction of the Jury: either from top to bottom, bottom to top or from the position where the incident requiring the “START STOP” occurred.
The Technical Delegate is responsible for confirming that all Jury members, Jury Advisors, and Eyes of the Jury have reviewed and are aware of “start stop” and “start stop/yellow flag stop” procedures.

33. 2016 RADIO COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
The following protocol is intended for review and use as a working document to be enhanced and revised in an effort to promote the clearest, most expedited communication for races.
The TD should communicate with the Organizing Committee (OC) on who is “leading” calls, or if they want the TD to lead.
It is important that the Technical Delegate confer with the Chief of Race and respect area-specific race crew radio protocol; e.g. “Copy”, “Acknowledged” or “Confirmed”.
ANY Jury member, Eyes of the Jury or Jury Advisor MAY call a “Start, Stop” when necessary to address critical situations. 

34. Start Stop – Simple: All activity contained in one section of the course in view of the Jury member/Eyes of the Jury/Jury Advisor.
Jury Member – “Start Stop! Start Stop!”
Start Referee – “Start is stopped. Racer 32 on course, holding 33 in the gate.”
Jury Member – Identifies the issue for the stop (Example: “Racer 31 lost his ski pole in the track of  the Roundhouse Turn . Course crew has retrieved it.”)
Jury Member – “(Location)  is clear. Resume Start. ”
Start Referee – “Start is clear, resuming with racer 33 on next interval.”

35. Start Stop - Complex: Activity at more than one section of the course.
Jury Member – “Start Stop! Start Stop !”
Start Referee –“Start is stopped. Racer 10 on course, holding 6 in the gate.”
Jury Member – “Athlete lost a ski and went into the net in the Roundhouse Turn . We will need course repair including  (# needed) B-net poles after racer 10 passes.  ”
Jury Member – “Repair is complete. (Location) is clear. Resume start.” 
Start Referee – “Confirm (location)  is clear. Please clear from the finish up. Timing?” (Each Jury Member or Jury Advisor clears their section moving up the hill).
Start Referee – “Start is clear, resuming with racer 6 on next interval.”

36. Start Stop - Yellow Flag:
Yellow Flag Jury Member – “Start Stop, Start Stop , Yellow Flag!”
Start Referee – “Start is stopped. Racer 56 on course, holding 57. Yellow flag 56!”
Yellow Flag Jury Member – “Yellow flag out, 56 is stopped and will return  for a rerun.”
If medical is required – “Medical required at (location).”
Start Referee – “Medical notified; in  route to (location).”
Yellow Flag Jury Member – (After athlete is transported and repairs are complete) “Athlete being transported. Repair is complete. (Location) is clear. Resume start.” 
Start Referee – “Confirm (location)  is clear. Finish (or nearest exit location) please notify when medical  exits the course.”
Finish Referee (or nearest exit location) – “Medical  is clear.”
Start Referee – “Confirm course is clear. Please clear from the finish up. Timing?” (Each Jury member or Jury Advisor clears their section moving up the hill).
Start Referee – “Start is clear, resuming with racer 57 on next interval.”

37. Other Necessary and Planned Interruptions
Course Maintenance
Most course maintenance issues do not require a start/stop. An exception is if a broken gate or other material pose an inherent safety risk to competitors on the course. Otherwise experienced race crew members can operate within the start interval.
When it is necessary to have a hold for an extended period of time for course maintenance, the Chief of Course or another Jury member can inform the Start Referee to interrupt the race to complete the task.
On fixed interval events it is common to indicate the requested amount of time in terms of number of intervals - “We will need a 4 interval hold for maintenance.”

38. Timing Hold: Timing hold information is passed along to the Jury and others by the Start Referee by radio to Jury positions along the course and voice communication to those in the start area. ANY Jury member or Jury Advisor CAN call a Start, Stop when necessary to address safety or critical situations.
Start Interval: The designated start interval for “fixed interval” events GS/SG/DH is the time planned between racers. The start interval duration should be listed on the program for FIS races as it is critical for course workers and officials to know when it is clear to work or communicate between racers. Changes to the start interval MUST be communicated over the jury channel by the Start Referee or Timing.
Finish Interval: A finish interval is a decision to start one racer after the completion of the run by the previous racer. The use of a finish interval, though not required, for the last few remaining athletes on the start list may help eliminate unnecessary delays by minimizing the interference of an athlete due to occurring issues on course prior to their start.

39. INTERDICTION TO CONTINUE ON COURSE: DOWNHILL, SUPER G, GIANT SLALOM
If a competitor misses a gate, he must no longer continue through further gates USA/FIS
If a competitor comes to a complete stop (e.g. after a fall), he must no longer continue through previous or further gates. USA/FIS
These rules are valid in all FIS and USSA-scored events with a fixed start interval (DH, SG, GS).

40. INTERDICTION TO CONTINUE ON COURSE: SLALOM
A competitor may hike to complete passage of a missed gate in Slalom: - as long as the competitor does not interfere with the run of the following competitor or - has not been passed. A competitor who has been passed may not continue on course!

41. WHO CAN TAKE A SECOND RUN?
In non-scored events, competitors who do not start (DNS), do not finish (DNF) or who are disqualified (DSQ) in their first run should be allowed to take their second run at the end of the field. U
In non-scored events where each run counts individually, these competitors start the second run in their original start position.
In scored non-FIS events, competitors who do not finish (DNF) or who are disqualified (DSQ) in their first run should be allowed to take their second run at the end of the field with their original bib and in their original bib order. U
In FIS events, competitors who are disqualified (DSQ), did not start (DNS), or did not finish (DNF) their first run are prohibited from taking a second run. U627.7**
**Exception: In Alpine Combined (AC), when technical event (SL) precedes the speed event (DH or SG), rule does not apply.

42. Jury Advisor at the Start
USSA ALPINE OFFICIALS
START REFEREE
Jury Advisor at the Start

43. Start Referee: Jury Advisor at the Start
Job Duration
USSA/FIS
Reruns
USSA/FIS 623
Reports to Referee & the Jury
USSA/FIS ,
No advantage, No DSQ
USSA/FIS
Supplies reserve bibs
USSA/FIS

44. NOT PERMITTED TO START (NPS)
A competitor will not be permitted to start (NPS) in any competition who
Wears obscene names and/or symbols on clothing and equipment
Behaves in an unsportsmanlike manner in the competition area
Does not wear a crash helmet that conforms to the Specifications for Competition Equipment (606.4), or
Does not have ski brakes on their skis (606.3),
Is in violation of other equipment rules
Does not wear or carry an official start number* according to the rules [627]
An “official start number” refers to any bib issued by the local event organizer; this includes replacement bibs furnished by the Start Referee.

45. RECORDING A “NPS” SITUATION: USSA and FIS EVENTS
Due to rule(s) violation(s), athlete not permitted to start (NPS)…this could apply to either run of a 2-run event
Athlete’s status is recorded by the Start Referee as “Not Permitted to Start” (NPS); reason must be stated
Example: Note suggestion to insert “name”
“NPS” should be noted in “DSQ” portion of Report by the Referee as required
Example:
Applicable rule number must be noted for results
Software will include “NPS” designation.
Technical Delegate must verify accuracy of Official Results and Penalty posted on USSA/FIS websites

46. Rules of the Start USSA/FIS 611.2.1.1, 613
Delayed Start: Not present when called to start – sanction which could include DSQ!
USSA/FIS 613.6
Valid/False Start: In the Gate; DNS within allowed time - disqualified
USSA/FIS 613.7

47. WHY DISQUALIFICATION?
In fixed interval events, course workers know they have a set timeframe between competitors
If a competitor leaves the start early or late, this timeframe becomes compromised
A compromised timeframe = a possible hazard!

48. START COMMANDS:
Fixed Interval Events (GS, SG, DH): 10 seconds before the start, the starter will tell each competitor “10 Seconds” 5 seconds before the start, he should count “5, 4, 3, 2, 1” and then gives the start command “GO” Non-Fixed Interval Event (SL): As soon as the starter has received the order for the next start, he gives the competitor the warning “Ready” or “Racer Ready” A few seconds later, the starter gives the start command

49. Jury Advisor at the Finish
USSA ALPINE OFFICIALS
Finish Referee
Jury Advisor at the Finish

50. Finish Referee: Jury Advisor at the Finish
Job duration
USSA/FIS
Knows rules of finish
USSA/FIS 615
Supervises
Finish Controller*,
timing and crowd
USSA/FIS
Communicates with start
USSA/FIS 611.1,
Determines valid finishes
USSA/FIS 615.3
Ensures protection is on timing equipment
USSA/FIS ,
Reports to Referee & Jury
USSA/FIS 615.4
Finish Referee assumes the duties of the Finish Controller if one is not appointed.

51. VALID FINISHES
ICR states that in case of a fall at the finish where competitor does not come to a full stop,
the time can be taken without both of the competitor’s feet having crossed the finish line
for the registered time to become valid, the competitor must immediately cross the finish line with or without skis
ICR states Finish line must be crossed:
on both skis, or
on one ski, or
with both feet in case of a fall between the last gate and the finish line. In this case, the time is taken when any part of the competitor’s body stops the timekeeping system.
ACR U , U629.4 state that a binding release more than 2 gates above the Finish line in SL, GS or SG or more than 1 gate above the Finish line in DH shall be considered as a clear DSQ.

52. LOSS OF ONE SKI: FIS Only (614.2.4)
If a competitor loses a ski without having committed a gate fault or without coming to a complete stop, he may continue, as long as he:
- does not interfere with the run of the next competitor or,
- has not been passed by the next competitor.
Also see details in ICR Art , , 804.3,

53. Race-Day Scenarios

54. Race-day Scenarios: Part I
Four hairpins but not a flush in sight.
USSA/FIS 803.2
Seed points of top 8 significantly lower than rest of the field.
What can the Jury do?
USSA/FIS 621.3
Jury can’t find an applicable rule. What should the jury do?
USSA/FIS
What is wrong here? What do you do?
What if they don’t want a computer draw? What do you do?
A coach reports that ski stack height is too high.
What can the Jury do?
USSA/FIS 641.1, 644

55. Race-day Scenarios: Part II – FLIP 30 is Standard
Pl Bib
1 3
2 4
3 15
4 10
5 11
6 1
7 2
8 17
9 5
10 6
11 9
12 7
13 8
14 30
15T 25
15T19
St Bib
1 19
2 25 30 8 7 9 6 5 17 2 1 11 10 15 4 3
Flip 15 instead of 30
USSA/FIS
Tie at flip position.
What do we do?
USSA/FIS

56. By the Numbers: How is this done?
Rank all first-run competitors in time order fastest to slowest)
Remove DSQ competitors from the field unless being given a provisional second run
Break all ties, regardless of where they occur, by ranking the tied competitor(s) with the higher bib number(s) before the tied competitor(s) with the lower bib number(s)
Verify the number of competitors that are to be reversed (bibbo)
Check for a tie at the reversal position
If a tie has occurred at the reversal position – 30 or 15, include those ties in the reversal number.
Reverse correct number of competitors including ties, if applicable
This will result in the lower bib number starting first and the racer with the fastest first run time starting 31/16 (with a 3-way tie at the reversal position, the racer with the fastest first run time would start 32/17, etc.
When ties occur elsewhere in the field other than in reversed group, tied racer(s) with higher bib number(s) will start prior to tied racer(s) with lower bib number(s).

57. Race Day Scenarios: Part III
Minimum/Maximum number of gates
DH USSA/FIS GS USSA/FIS *
SL USSA/FIS U , * SG USSA/FIS U , *
*Minimum = direction changes for both FIS and USSA
FIS SL and SG gate count calculations are different than USSA’s
Minimum DH start interval
USSA/FIS
Racer misses start — No gain, no foul is the approach the referee, start referee and jury should take. Start Ref should allow provisional and report the infraction to the jury.
Should the racer immediately be DSQ’d? No for above reason.
Can the racer be DSQ’d? What if there is a dramatic change in the weather from bad to good between the time the competitor was supposed to start and showed up to start? There is an advantage there and the jury should deal with it.
Racer misses start and requests provisional
USSA/FIS 613.6, 623.3

58. Race Day Scenarios: Part IV
‘START STOP!’ is called.
What is happening now?
USSA/FIS 705.5
Three electronic timers but no hand timing.
What do you do?
USSA/FIS
Required vertical drop can’t be met. Will race score?
USSA U ; U , U ; U , U ; U & USSA Application Vertical Drop, Minimum Time and Minimum Penalties
FIS – If exception not granted by FIS, vertical drop requirements must be met or race will be reviewed and scored as ENL category not FIS category!

59. Race Day Scenarios: Part V
A racer commits a gate fault
His racing speed carries him over Finish Line
The racer hikes back over the line and completes passage of the missed gate
WHEN WAS HIS TIME TAKEN?
USSA/FIS
WHAT IS HIS STATUS?
USSA/FIS 661.4, U629.4

60. Race Day Scenarios: Part VI
It has been determined that bibs were switched for two racers.
What should the Jury consider prior to arriving at a decision?
Is there a rule that should be considered?
What is their status?

61. Race Day Scenarios: Part VI continued
What should the Jury consider prior to arriving at a decision?
DID THEY GAIN AN ADVANTAGE!
USSA/FIS
A competitor shall only be disqualified if his mistake would result in an advantage for him with regard to the end result, unless the Rules state otherwise in an individual case. i.e. gate fault, early/late start.
If no advantage has been gained, what is their status?
MAY BE SANCTIONED – DEFINITELY NOT DSQ!

62. Race Day Scenarios: Part VII There is an offset in bib #’s and start #’s: Bib #109 actually starts # Gate Judge Card lists a fault for Bib # What must the Referee verify?

63. Race Day Scenarios: Part VIII
A course worker steps out in front of a racer. What must the racer do?
Stop immediately
Report interference to nearest Gate Judge or Jury member
Racer or coach must request a rerun
Ski down the side of the course to the Finish
Only a Jury member can grant a provisional rerun
Rerun is “provisional” until ratified by the Jury

64. Race Day Scenarios: Part IX
The Start Referee believes an athlete is competing on equipment – skis/boots/bindings that do not conform to the rules.
Can the on-site Jury verify the validity of the equipment?
A Team Captain files a protest against a competitor’s equipment.
How must the Jury handle this situation?
What must be done with the suspect equipment?
Who covers the costs?
Can this process be undertaken after the competitor equipment leaves the race arena?
Answers are not provided in the hopes that group discussion will result in a better understanding of how to handle this type of situation!

65. Race Day Scenarios: Part X
A competitor arrives at the start with a camera attached to his helmet.
What must the Start Referee do?
What must the Start Referee do if the camera is attached to the skis?
What must the Start Referee do If the camera is worn on a chest pack?
What must the Start Referee do if a helmet only has camera mounts?
What is the athlete’s status if a goggle-integrated camera is being used?
Answers are not provided in the hopes that group discussion will result in a better understanding of how to handle this type of situation!

66. Race Day Scenarios: Part XI
A Downhill is scheduled to include 3 training runs.
4 low-point athletes do not start the first training run
Due to force majeure, all additional training runs are canceled
What is status of these competitors?
What Jury option is available?

67. Race Day Scenarios: Part XII
Competitors’ family members and spectators arrive with the intent of using drones to record and broadcast their athlete’s race. What do the rules state regarding use of drones? What Jury option is available?

68. UPDATE & REVIEW This is only a partial review, additional items are contained in: “UPDATE & REVIEW FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION – ALPINE”

69. Update: USSA & FIS
USSA Alpine Competition Regulations (ACR) & FIS ICR have been updated to include applicable rule changes
USSA Equipment matrix is available on the USSA website at
USSA has adopted FIS Slalom course setting specifications for U14 and U16 athletes.
- U14: 2-4 hairpins, 1-2 verticals (3 gates max), 1-3 delays
- U16: 3-6 hairpins, 1-3 verticals (3-4 gates max), 1-3 delays
NPS – Not Permitted to Start: A competitor will not be permitted to start (NPS) in any FIS competition who does not wear a crash helmet that conforms to the Specifications for Competition Equipment (606.4), or does not have ski brakes on their skis (606.3), does not wear or carry an official start number according to the rules (606.1). [627, 627.2, 627.6] “Official start number” refers to any bib issued by the local event organizer; includes replacement bibs furnished by Start Referee.

70. Update: USSA & FIS, page 2.
Grounds for Disqualification (628.14) adds: wears obscene names and/or symbols on clothing and equipment (207.1) or behaves in an unsportsmanlike manner in the competition area (205.5, )
Parallel Events: The distance between two corresponding gates (from turning pole to turning pole) should be no less than 6 meters. [1225] Stepping back (hiking) is not allowed ( ) and is cause for disqualification (1232.1)
ICR , “A Time Penalty” does not apply to Alpine events. It is a “general rule” and is applicable to Nordic.

71. Review – USSA & FIS
USSA assigns race codes for all speed-training runs: Super G and Downhill. USSA’s assignment of a race code is verification of an event’s liability insurance. FIS only assigns codex numbers for Downhill Training runs.
Official training forms an integral part of the competition. All qualified competitors entered for the competition must have been entered and drawn in all official training runs; competitors and forerunners must participate in at least one timed training run. (“Drawn” is accepted as meaning, “assigned a start number”. It does not mean, “Drawn in the first group”.)
“Special Training Runs” outside of the official training runs do not have USSA/FIS race code /codex numbers and must not be staged for forerunners or competitors that have not been able to participate in at least one timed training run prior to the actual event.

72. Review – USSA & FIS page 2.
Drones: Any use of aerial drones must comply with Federal, State and Local laws as well as ski area regulations. If a drone operator can show compliance with these regulations, at the direction of the Jury, a drone may be used as a point of view camera (POV) prior to forerunners. Drones may not be used during the conduct of the competition. If a drone breaches the boundaries of the course, FIS advises to immediately halt the competition and wait until the drone withdraws

73. Review – USSA & FIS page 3.
Due Process: Prior to the imposition of a penalty (except in cases of verbal reprimands and withdrawal of accreditation), the person accused of an offense shall be given the opportunity to present a defense at a hearing, verbally or in writing. Defense can include, but is not limited to the following:
Calling witnesses
Questioning witnesses upon whose testimony the Jury relies
Considering information from a witness who is unavailable for questioning by the accused would create a serious issue. It is also unwise for Jury members to discuss a situation and consider possible penalties prior to hearing all testimony.
The Jury must adhere to this policy:
Consider infraction
Hear and consider all testimony and evidence
Allow accused person the opportunity to present a defense and review all evidence (question witnesses, etc.)
Deliberate
Make a fair decision
Review, vote and sign prepared Jury Minutes of decision
Notify affected parties

74. Review – USSA & FIS page 4.
Jury Minutes: At a minimum, Jury Minutes are required for acceptance of an event’s Medical Plan, course set, on-hill competitor security installations and the daily Program. These Minutes require that the Jury members indicate their acceptance of the decisions by noting their vote and affixing their signatures. Do not leave the venue without complying with this requirement.
Team Captains’ Meetings are an actual meeting, attended in person by Team Captains, Jury, and race officials is a critical and mandatory part of the competition and is important for communication of Jury instructions, support of the Organizing Committee (“OC”), as well as conveying requests and information.  It is also a critical element for risk management and liability-related matters.
Course Inspection: The Jury must inspect the course and on-hill competitor security installations; Team Captains are encouraged to attend inspection. Necessary changes to course set and on-hill competitor security measures are the responsibility of the Jury.

75. Review – USSA & FIS page 6.
Only National Ski Associations are entitled to make entries for international competitions. If a National Ski Association issues an entry authorization (travel) letter, USSA allows non-USSA athletes training with USSA clubs or attending USA schools/colleges/universities to be entered by their coaches.
Every non-USA athlete’s authorization letter must be submitted to it must also be sent to the Regional Manager for the Region where the athlete is training.
Letters must be submitted directly by the respective National Ski Association; they will not be accepted if forwarded by the coach or the athlete.
Authorization letters will only be recognized for FIS category and below. Entries for Nor-Am Cup and National Championships must be submitted directly by the respective National Ski Associations.
Several nations, e.g. Austria, Canada, Great Britain and Spain, do not issue authorization (travel) letters; entries for competitors from these nations must originate from respective Federation.

76. Review – USSA & FIS page 7.
Entries and the Draw: The organizer must determine the final date of entry between 48 hours and 24 hours before the first Team Captains’ Meeting. A Team Captain may only make substitutions before the draw.

77. Review – USSA & FIS page 8.
Competition Equipment: Equipment is the responsibility of the athlete and in the case of a minor, their parents or guardians. Equipment must be maintained and utilized in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Protests against equipment at a USSA non-FIS event must be handled in accordance with current “Guidelines Regarding Equipment Control and Protests against equipment at a FIS event must be handled in accordance with current FIS rules. Please refer to current FIS and USSA Equipment Regulations for season and/or the current edition of FIS Specifications for Competition Equipment.

78. Review – USSA & FIS page 9. Helmets and Cameras:
All competitors and forerunners must wear a helmet for Giant Slalom, Slalom, Downhill and Downhill Training, Super G and Alpine Combined that meets current equipment specifications.
Athletes U14 and older must use helmets that meet the FIS standards for all USSA Giant Slalom, Super G and Downhill. U14 and older competitors whose helmets are not in compliance will not be permitted to start.
Regulations for helmets for Slalom, Giant Slalom, Super G and Downhill are applicable without exception at all levels of FIS competition.
Soft ear protection is only permitted for helmets used in Slalom.

79. Review – USSA & FIS page 10. Helmet and Body-Mounted Cameras:
Helmet and body mounted cameras are not approved for use at USSA non-FIS events. Athletes who have personalized their helmets, e.g. camera mounts, bling, stickers, etc., are allowed to start.
Competitors and forerunners at FIS alpine events are prohibited from using cameras; camera mounts are also prohibited. This prohibition does not apply to properly credentialed FIS media, e.g. POV runners.
Goggle-Integrated Cameras:
Cameras that are integrated into goggles are allowed at USSA scored and non-scored events, including Masters.
With the exception of National Championships, Continental Cup (NAC) and World Cup, they are also allowed at FIS events.

80. Review – USSA & FIS page 11.
Course Setting for Multiple Age Class Competitions:
For multiple age class competitions, course setting guidelines for Super G, Giant Slalom and Slalom events are based on one class older than the youngest age class competing, e.g., U16, U14, U12 and U10 will follow U12 guidelines.
Downhill event course setting is based on the youngest age class competing.
U8, although recognized by USSA, as well as additional classes for younger competitors are established only for the purpose of awards and are subject to U10 course setting guidelines.

81. Review – USSA & FIS page 12. Not Permitted to Start (NPS)
Due to rule(s) violation(s) and can apply to either run of a 2-run event
Athlete’s status is recorded by the Start Referee as “Not Permitted to Start” (NPS); reason must be stated
Example: Note suggestion to insert “name”
“NPS” should be noted in “DSQ” portion of Report by the Referee as required
Example:
Applicable rule number must be noted for results

82. Review – USSA & FIS page 13. Valid and False Starts and Delayed Starts
Early/late start violation occurs when a competitor is in the start gate and does not start within the required period with respect to the start command – “GO”!
Course workers and officials must have a reasonable expectation of when a competitor may be approaching their position. Competitors who either start early or late can minimize this expectation and potentially create an unsecure environment. For these reasons, early/late start violations require DSQ.
A “delayed” competitor is one who is not present in the start area or who is not ready to step into the start gate when called; delayed starts require SANCTION, which may or may not include DSQ.

83. Review – USSA & FIS page 14.
Interdiction to Continue after a Competitor Stops: If a competitor misses a gate or comes to a complete stop (e.g. after a fall), he must no longer continue through previous or further gates. This interdiction is valid in all events with a fixed start interval (Downhill, Super G, and Giant Slalom). The only exception is Slalom, as long as the competitor does not interfere with the run of the next competitor or has not been passed by the next competitor.

84. Review – USSA & FIS page 15.
Provisional Starts or Reruns: When making a determination on the validity of a provisional rerun, the Jury must evaluate the following, many of which are included in the provisions of Rule 623:
Did the competitor cross the finish line?
Does the claimed obstruction meet the requirements of – Grounds for Interference?
Did the claimed obstruction cause significant loss of speed or lengthening of the racing line and consequently affect the competitor’s time?
Did the competitor commit a fault (gate or start procedure) prior to the obstruction or interference?
Did competitor stop immediately after the obstruction or interference occurred and report the incident to the nearest Gate Judge or Jury member?
For provisional reruns required by broken gates, every case must be checked individually; the Jury on site is the only group that can decide, based on the particular and detailed circumstances, if interference occurred.

85. Review – USSA & FIS page 16.
Loss of One Ski - FIS EVENT ONLY: If a competitor loses a ski without having committed a gate fault or without coming to a complete stop, he may continue as long as he does not interfere with the run of the next competitor or has not been passed by the next competitor. If the competitor violates these provisions, a penalty may be assessed.
Valid Finishes: FIS ICR states the finish line must be crossed on both skis, or on one ski, or with both feet in the case of a fall between the last gate and the finish line. ICR further states that in case of a fall at the finish where the competitor does not come to a full stop, the time is taken when any part of the competitor’s body stops the timekeeping system.
USSA ACR states that a binding release more than 2 gates above the Finish line in Slalom, Giant Slalom or Super G or more than 1 gate above the Finish line in Downhill shall be considered as a clear DSQ.

86. Review – USSA & FIS page 17. Kombi Rules:
Youth Kombi events must be set using appropriately homologated hills. Slalom/Giant Slalom format (technical orientation) using a hill homologated for Giant Slalom and Giant Slalom/Super G format (speed orientation) using a hill homologated for Super G.
Athletes must use the helmet that meets the standards for the faster of the two events being contested.

87. Review – USSA & FIS page 18.
Second Run – USSA Scored Event: If the OC and Jury allow it, competitors in Slalom and Giant Slalom events who are shown as DNF or DSQ in the first run can start in the second run with their original bib and in their original bib order after the last qualified competitor.
Announcement of this procedure should be given no later than the Team Captains’ Meeting.
Appropriateness depends on, but is not limited to field size, snow conditions, and visibility.
Coaches’ discretion advised.
In cases of force majeure, the Jury may terminate a competition prior to DNF/DSQ second-run starts.

88. Review – USSA & FIS page 19.
Events Where Point Improvements Exceed Expectations: The goal of the USSA scoring system is to ensure fair and accurate events so earned results represent an athlete’s ability. An accurate scoring system is critical for athlete ranking, evaluation and selection purposes.
Research has culminated in criteria to identify events where athletes score point improvements far beyond expectations. Every scored event will be subject to these filters and events that exceed the threshold of the criteria - a statistical probability of will be marked for review. The criteria are:
Average improvement between seed points and points achieved in the race
Average percent of point improvement
Percent of the field that scored a point improvement
The cause of an exceptional event could range from random situational circumstances to penalty manipulation.
If the Technical Delegate feels that an event may exceed the criteria, they should request that the event not be scored until a review has been completed.

89. USSA WEBSITE RESOURCES
USSA EQUIPMENT MATRIX is available on the USSA website.
USSA COURSE SETTING MATRIX is available on the USSA website.
HOMOLOGATION FILES are available on the USSA website. Login is required:
User ID = homologation; Password = Allout2018!

90. Welcome to the USSA Alpine Officials’ Referee & Jury Advisor Program
Thank you for your efforts to help USSA Alpine Officials provide events that are fun and fair for all competitors!