1. Chapter 4 Cells and Energy
All information for this powerpoint was received from holt mcdougal biology presentation tools power presentations disc CD and the Mcdougall Littell biology book

2. Warm up (1-4-16)
Welcome Back! Please get a warm-up off the front table and get started!
Explain what you remember from last semester?
Think about some of the topics that were explained by the labs and what the major areas of focus were for the last chapter.

3. Outline Objectives Test Review Goal Setting Read Chapter 4.1
Vocabulary ch. 4.1
What is ATP?
Chapter 4 Notes

4. Objectives
To review the semester test and explain correct answers to missed problems
Recognize the importance of ATP as an energy-carrying molecule
Identify energy sources used by organisms

6. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

7. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.
Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule

8. https://classconnection. s3. amazonaws

9. ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.
Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.
phosphate removed

10. Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.
Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.
not stored in large amounts
up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule
triphosphate
adenosine
diphosphate
tri=3
di=2

11. Fats store the most energy.
80 percent of the energy in your body
about 146 ATP from a triglyceride
Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
amino acids not usually needed for energy
about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

12. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.
Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight.
In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.
similar to photosynthesis
uses chemical energy instead of light energy

13. Warm up (1-5-16) Explain what you know about ATP?
What is ATP, how is ATP made, etc…

14. Outline
Objectives
Test Review
Challenge Reading
Chapter 4 notes

15. Objectives
IWBAT explain what ATP is, and understand and articulate how ATP is produced.
Recognize the importance of ATP as an energy-carrying molecule
Identify energy sources used by organisms

16. Measuring Rates of Photosynthesis

17. Warm up (1-6-16)
Describe situations in your daily life where you use energy. Come up with 2 situations and explain specifically how that energy is used.

18. Outline Objectives Chapter 4 reading Chapter 4 Notes
Photosynthesis Project
HOMEWORK: Get materials for project, Ch. 4.2 SRQ #1-5

19. Objectives
IWBAT explain what ATP is, and understand and articulate how ATP is produced.

20. KEY CONCEPT The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

21. Photosynthetic organisms are producers.
Producers make their own source of chemical energy.
Plants use photosynthesis and are producers.
Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

22. Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.
chloroplast
leaf cell
leaf
In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

23. Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts.
grana (thylakoids)
stroma
chloroplast
stroma
grana (thylakoids)

24. The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight.
take place in thylakoids
water and sunlight are needed
chlorophyll absorbs energy
energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions
oxygen is released

25. The light-independent reactions make sugars.
take place in stroma
needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere
use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions

26. The equation for the overall process is:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6
granum (stack of thylakoids)
thylakoid
sunlight
1 six-carbon sugar
6H2O
6CO2
6O2
chloroplast 1 2 4 3
energy
stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

27. Project Plan
This needs to be written on a separate piece of paper and shown to me by the end of class today…
Group members (No more than 4 people please unless approved by me)
What you are planning to do for your project
How you plan to complete your project

28. Warm up (1-7-16) What is photosynthesis?
Why is photosynthesis necessary for specific organisms?

29. Outline
Objectives
Chapter 4 Notes
Photosynthesis Project

30. Objectives
Explain the overall process of photosynthesis and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis to occur
Recognize the importance of ATP as an energy-carrying molecule
Identify energy sources used by organisms
Relate producers to photosynthesis
Describe the process of photosynthesis

31. Warm up (1-8-16) What organisms participate in photosynthesis?
What is your evidence behind this answer? In other words, what are the facts that help you make the statement that you did?

32. Outline
Objectives
Chapter 4 Notes
Photosynthesis Project

33. Objectives
Explain the overall process of photosynthesis and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis to occur
Relate producers to photosynthesis
Describe the process of photosynthesis

34. KEY CONCEPT Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions.

35. The first stage of photosynthesis captures and transfers energy.
The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called photosystems.

36. Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.
chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight
energized electrons enter electron transport chain
water molecules are split
oxygen is released as waste
hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane

37. Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules.
chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight
energized electrons are used to make NADPH
NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions

38. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane
ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

39. The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars.
Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules.

40. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.
carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle
energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged
a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle

41. two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar
A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.
two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar
remaining molecules stay in the cycle

42. Warm up (1-11-16) Explain photosynthesis in your own words.
Draw a basic picture of what occurs in photosynthesis.

43. Outline
Objectives
Photosynthesis Project

44. Objectives
Explain the overall process of photosynthesis and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis to occur

45. Warm up ( )
What is the difference between a producer and a consumer? Explain how each of these terms relate to photosynthesis.

46. Outline Objectives Photosynthesis Project
Measuring rates of photosynthesis lab conclusion

47. Objectives
Explain the overall process of photosynthesis and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis to occur

48. Warm up ( )
Develop an acronym or a catchy way to help you remember photosynthesis and what occurs during this process
Example:
P; producer
H; hot sunny days help
Etc…

49. Outline
Objectives
Photosynthesis Project Presentations

50. Objectives
Explain the overall process of photosynthesis and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis to occur

51. Measuring Rates of Photosynthesis Conclusion
You have collected data for the rates of photosynthesis for 5 different distances
Write a conclusion for which distance from the light caused the fastest rate of photosynthesis
You need to include:
How rate of photosynthesis was measured and why we could use this to measure rate of photosynthesis
Why were bubbles produced? What were the bubbles? (think about what the products of photosynthesis are)
Explain why the distance that caused the fastest rate of photosynthesis showed this result.

52. Warm up (1-14-16) Write down the equation for photosynthesis.
Explain what each of those chemicals is (example: H2O is water)

53. Outline Objectives Photosynthesis project presentations
Photosynthesis Animation – Power Presentations CD

54. Objectives
Explain the overall process of photosynthesis and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis to occur
Demonstrate knowledge of photosynthesis by completing the photosynthesis quiz.

55. Grading your Group Get out a half sheet of paper
Write your name at the top of it
Who was your partner(s)?
Did your partner participate in class? ____/5
Did your partner bring supplies like they said?_____/5
Overall, was your partner helpful to the success of this project? _____/5
Write any comments that you feel are important for me to know in order to grade your partner. (be respectful)
Write their total out of 15 and circle it at the bottom
Fold your paper in half and bring it to me when you finish

56. Warm up ( )
Think about the reason why plants go through photosynthesis. What are the outcomes, why is photosynthesis beneficial to the plant?
Since plants go through photosynthesis, what is a process that humans go through to produce a similar result?

57. Outline Objectives Quiz
Finish Conclusions for Measuring Rates of Photosynthesis

58. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur

59. Quiz No Talking Front and Back
When you are done turn them in to the folder
Make sure your name is on them please!

60. Measuring Rates of Photosynthesis Conclusion
You have collected data for the rates of photosynthesis for 5 different distances
Write a conclusion for which distance from the light caused the fastest rate of photosynthesis
You need to include:
How rate of photosynthesis was measured and why we could use this to measure rate of photosynthesis
Why were bubbles produced? What were the bubbles? (think about what the products of photosynthesis are)
Explain why the distance that caused the fastest rate of photosynthesis showed this result.

61. Warm up ( )
During the process of photosynthesis, there are two major divisions. Please describe why there are two major divisions. Be detailed about the products and reactants for each division as well.

62. Outline Objectives Cellular Respiration Lab Prep
Cellular Respiration Animation – Power Presentations CD
HOMEWORK: read 4.4

63. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur

64. Warm up ( )
What is cellular respiration?

65. Outline Objectives Cellular Respiration Introduction
Cellular Respiration Lab Prep / Begin Lab
HOMEWORK: read 4.5 and 4.5 SRQ #1-6 due Friday

66. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur

67. Warm up ( )
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?
Which type of process is Cellular Respiration? (aerobic or anaerobic?)

68. Outline
Objectives
Cellular Respiration Animation – Power Presentations CD
Cellular Respiration in Peas Lab

69. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur

70. KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

71. Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen.
Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.
mitochondrion
animal cell

72. Glycolysis must take place first.
anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
takes place in cytoplasm
splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules
produces two ATP molecules

73. Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.
The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain.
takes place in mitochondrial matrix
breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Krebs Cycle
makes a small amount of ATP
releases carbon dioxide
transfers energy-carrying molecules

74. energy from glycolysis
The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP.
takes place in inner membrane
energy transferred to electron transport chain
oxygen enters process
ATP produced
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Electron Transport
water released as a waste product

75. The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

76. Warm up (1-22-16) What are the two main parts of cellular respiration?
Be sure to include the locations of each of these parts

77. Outline
Objectives
Cellular Respiration Lab
Quiz 4.4 – 4.5

78. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur
Explain the details of cellular respiration

79. KEY CONCEPT Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages.

80. Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration.
The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available.
two ATP molecules are used to split glucose
four ATP molecules are produced
two molecules of NADH produced
two molecules of pyruvate produced

81. The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration.
Pyruvate is broken down before the Krebs cycle.
carbon dioxide released
NADH produced
coenzyme A (CoA) bonds to two-carbon molecule

82. The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.

83. The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.
NADH and FADH2 are made
intermediate molecule with CoA enters Krebs cycle
citric acid (six-carbon molecule) is formed
citric acid is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, and NADH is made
five-carbon molecule is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, NADH and ATP are made
four-carbon molecule is rearranged

84. The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.
The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP.
high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain
energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the inner membrane
hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the membrane

85. The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.
The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP.
The breakdown of one glucose molecule produces up to 38 molecules of ATP.
ATP synthase produces ATP
oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions
water is released as a waste product

86. Warm up ( )
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

87. Outline
Objectives
Cellular respiration lab prep
Read 4.6

88. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur

89. Cellular Respiration
Prediction:
Data:

90. Warm up (1-26-16) What are the products of photosynthesis?
What are the products of cellular respiration?

91. Outline
Objectives
Cellular respiration lab

92. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur

93. Cellular Respiration
Prediction:
Data:

94. KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.

95. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue.
Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable.
Fermentation is an anaerobic process.
occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration
does not produce ATP

96. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable.
NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.
glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation
energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid
NADH is changed back into NAD+

97. Fermentation and its products are important in several ways.
Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation.
glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation
energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide
NADH is changed back into NAD+
NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

98. Fermentation is used in food production.
yogurt
cheese
bread

99. Fermentation simulation
**CD for biology**

100. Warm up (1-27-16) What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
What are the reactants for cellular respiration?

101. Outline
Objectives
Cellular respiration lab

102. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur

103. Cellular Respiration
Prediction:
Data:

104. Warm up ( )
Identify the parts of experimental design for this cellular respiration experiment. (Independent variable, dependent variable, control group)

105. Outline Objectives Chapter 4.6 quiz
Cellular respiration lab questions and conclusion
Cellular respiration work sheet

106. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur

107. Cellular Respiration Lab Conclusion
In your conclusion you need to include the following:
Describe your graphs… why were the slopes negative? Connect this to the products and reactants of cellular respiration
Explain which type of pea had the greatest rate of cellular respiration and why you think that is.
Explain what effect temperature should have on the rates of cellular respiration
Identify what we should have expected to happen with the peas in the colder temperatures, and explain if your group saw those results.
If your group didn’t see those results, provide a possible explanation as to why you didn’t.

108. Warm up ( )
Explain how this lab can show cellular respiration. Be specific when explaining what the products and reactants are for cellular respiration.

109. Outline Objectives Cellular respiration lab
Cellular respiration lab analysis
Study guide and vocabulary work time

110. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur

111. Warm up (2-1-16)
Write down everything you can remember about chapter 4.
Think about cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and fermentation in your answer and describe what these processes are.

112. Outline
Objectives
Chapter 4 test

113. Objectives
Explain the overall process of cellular respiration and what the products are
Explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur
Explain the overall process of photosynthesis and explain what is necessary for cellular respiration to occur.

114. Chapter 4 Test No talking. Only write on your answer sheet
Turn the tests into the piles when you are finished.
Find something to keep yourselves quiet when you are done with the test.