1. Spreadsheet Basics
What is a Spreadsheet?
A spreadsheet (or worksheet) is an arrangement of cells in columns and rows used to organize, analyze, calculate, and report information, usually in numerical form.
A workbook is a file which contains one or more spreadsheets.
Excel Obj SS Basics Ppt. #1

2. Spreadsheets Perform Mathematical Calculations
Do you or your family use spreadsheets?
Daily Uses of Spreadsheets:
Balancing a checkbook
Calculating car loans
Calculating student grades (helping students keep up with their grades)
Household budgets
Why would a business use spreadsheets?
Payroll
Financial statements for a business (profit/loss)

3. Designing a Spreadsheet
Cell – individual locations on a spreadsheet
(intersection of a row and column)
Column— identified by letters of the alphabet (vertical)
Column A refers to all of the contents in a vertical range of cells in the first column of the spreadsheet.
Row— identified by numbers (horizontal)
Row 3 refers to all of the contents in a horizontal range of cells on Row 3
COLUMNS (vertical) A B C D 1 2
CELL 3
ROWS (horizontal)

4. Cell Specifics Cell Range: A4:A16 refers to a group of adjacent cells
A Range is a group/block of cells.
example: A6:E16 refers to a range of cells in a specific spreadsheet.
Cell Address: a specific location
Cell A4 = Cell address
It is the Column letter and Row number.
The cell address is also called the cell reference.
Active cell:
The cell that is selected
It is the cell that is ready to receive information

5. Cell Data Classifications
Labels — the classification used for cells that contain text or for numbers that will not be used in calculations
Examples: John Jones (text)
Dates, such as 1/03/2009 (considered as text)
Social Security #
Phone #
ZIP Code (a number, but will not be calculated)
Using an apostrophe ‘
Type an apostrophe (‘) before a number to make that entry recognized as a label (the ‘ does not show when you press enter). Example: ‘27613
(Put ‘ so the ZIP Code is recognized as a label or text, not a value, by the computer)

6. Cell Data Classifications
Values — the classification indicating that the data has the potential to be used in calculations
Example: 150
Cell Alignment for these classifications:
Labels align at the left side of the cell
Values align at the right side of the cell

7. Data Types Examples
Formula Bar
Value
Formula
Label

8. Formatting
Formatting is applied to spreadsheet components for the purpose of organizing and clarifying information.
Data that is presented in a uniform and consistent format is much easier to understand than data presented with random formats.
Formatting can be applied to pages, columns, rows, cell ranges, and cells.

9. A Header/Footer
Headers or Footers are used to add identifying information to a spreadsheet.
May include:
Title of company
Date
Page number
Time of creation or update
Contact information
Footer Example
Excel Obj SS Formatting Ppt. #4

10. Font Size and Style
Font Size and Font Style are used to clarify information by adding emphasis to titles, column headings, and grand totals, etc.
can also change font type and color
Example: which title below is emphasized more?
Title of Spreadsheet or
Title of Spreadsheet

11. Justification
Justification is also used to format cell data for the purpose of clarifying and organizing information
Left, Right, or Center justification can be applied globally to columns, rows, or cells.
Indent is used to emphasize subcategories
The Format Painter can also be used to
apply global formats.

12. Types of Justification
Left Justification –
Left is the default justification for cells formatted as Labels.
Indent–
Indent is a format applied to cell data to emphasize subcategories, such as the itemized list of expenses in a budget

13. Types of Justification
3. Right Justification –
Right is the default justification for cells formatted as Values.
Values should be formatted uniformly,
such as, using two decimal places for all
like data, or using currency for total amounts
Ex. $ vs. $500.00
Values can be formatted for a set number of
decimal places with or without a comma
separator.
Ex. $ or $1,024.30

14. [Right Justification (continued) ]
Values can be formatted in a variety of date formats
Ex. October 30, 2009
30 Oct 2009
10/30/09
d. Other formats for Values include time, percentage, fraction, and scientific

15. Types of Justification
4. Center–
Centering is a format usually applied to titles and column headings

16. Justification Examples
Centering of the Table Title
Left Aligned (text)
Column heading
Listed Items
Right Aligned (values)
Quantity
Numbers with decimals (Prices)

17. Borders and Shading
are used to emphasize and organize information, and
can be applied to columns, rows, cell ranges, or individual cells
These lines are Borders!
Reminder: select the columns, rows, or cells on which you want to apply Borders and Shading

18. Adjusting Height, Width, and Size of Cells, Columns, and Rows
Wrap text is used to align
multi-line text within a cell.
Merge is used to combine two or more cells.
Center is the default alignment when cells are merged.

19. Adjusting Height, Width, and Size of Cells, Columns, and Rows
Column Width
Column Width is adjusted to fit the longest entry.
Double click on the border between the 2 column heading
When the ##### symbols appear in a cell, this indicates that the width is too small to display the contents.

20. Sorts
A Sort is used to arrange data in alphabetical or chronological order
data can be sorted in
Ascending or Descending Order
Examples of:
Alphabetical order—Ascending A to Z
Alphabetical order—Descending Z to A
Numerical order—Ascending 1 to 10
Numerical order—Descending 10 to 1

21. Sorts Primary sort – indicates the primary sort range
of data (i.e., last name)
also known as a single sort
Secondary sort – indicates the next sort range of date (i.e., first name)
also known as a multiple sort
Examples of primary and secondary sort:
Smith, Chris
Smith, Ryan
Stevens, John
Can you answer this question?:
Mr. Smith sorted the student athletes in order by GPA, last name, first name, and homeroom.
GPA is an example of which part of the sort operation?
_________________________

22. Basic Spreadsheet Formulas
Formulas instruct the software to perform a calculation.
All Formulas begin with an equal sign =
When the equal sign [or in some cases a plus sign(+)] is keyed in a cell, the software “knows” that the data will be used in a calculation.

23. Basic Spreadsheet Formulas
Examples of basic formulas:
if using Cells B7 and C7:
Addition =B7+C7
Subtraction = B7-C7
Multiplication =B7*C7
Division =B7/C7

24. Order of Operations
Calculations are performed according to the Order of Operations.
(which means, they calculate in a specific order)
To remember the Order Of Operations:
remember PEMDAS—Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
P parentheses performs operations on the items enclosed in (parentheses) first
E exponentiation ^
M multiplication * (from left to right)
D division /
A addition + (from left to right)
S subtraction -
Excel Obj SS Formulas Ppt. #2

25. Order of Operation Example
=(A8+C9)/(H8-L9)
The parentheses around the first part of the formula force Excel to calculate (A8+C9) first. then calculate (H8-L9),
then divide the 2 results.
A8 = 10
C9 = 2
H8 = 7
L9 = 1
=(10+2)/(7-1)
=12/6 =2
SOLVE!

26. Functions
Functions: is a short cut to performing a calculation or a formula
All functions contain a word
Start with an = sign just like a Formula
Examples:
SUM
COUNT
AVG
LOOKUP
MIN
DATE
MAX
LIST IF

27. Most commonly used Formulas
SUM - Used for finding a total in a range of numbers
AVG - Used to find the average in a range of numbers (add all numbers and divide by the #)
MAX -Finds the largest # in a range
MIN- -Finds the smallest # in the range

28. Advanced Functions
Advanced Functions are used in higher-level operations, such as conditional and comparison equations to compute interest rates, due dates and payment terms, and financial projections.
Excel Obj Advanced Functions Ppt. #6

29. Types of Advanced Functions
IF Statement Functions
Date Functions
Lookup Functions
List Functions
Count Functions

30. IF Statements are conditional operators.
Results are returned IF the data specified in an equation meets conditions set by the formula
IF statements can be written to carry out an action
Example: IF a value in a cell is greater than or equal to another value, insert the word “Pass” in a cell.
Example: The answer is one value IF a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE and returns another value IF the condition evaluates to FALSE.

31. Date Functions Date Functions are used to calculate a period of time.
Types of Date Functions:
NOW – returns the current date
(2) DATE360 – calculates the difference in days between 2 dates
Examples:
The number of days that have elapsed since a value was entered into a specific cell
To calculate a 30 day due date for a record of spreadsheet invoices

32. Lookup Functions
A Lookup function is used to compare a cell value to an ARRAY of cells and return a value that matches the location of the value in the array.
(Note: the values MUST be placed in Ascending order)
Types of Lookup Functions:
(1) Lookup – used for two column vectors
(2) VLookUp – used when there are more
than two columns in the array (lookup
table)

33. List Function A List Function is used to:
Assist in organizing spreadsheet information.
Create a more user-friendly spreadsheet atmosphere.
Control the size or content of data entries.
Filter for specific content within a list.

34. List Function Types of Lists: (a) Validated
A validated list limits data entry to specific choices programmed into the function
(b) Non-Validated
A non-validated list allows additional entries other than those provided in the drop-down menu.
Example: displaying only the Southeast region vice presidents from a spreadsheet instead of displaying all of the vice presidents

35. Count Function
The COUNT Function is used to return the number of cells in a range.
Types of Count Functions:
Count – returns the number of cells in a range that contain numbers
CountA – returns the number of cells in a range that contain any value/label
Countlf – returns the number of cells that meet a condition set forth in a formula.

36. Types of Charts
4.02 Types of Charts

37. How do you know which chart to use?
In this PowerPoint, each chart will be defined and described with an example of the data it is most appropriately suited to represent.
How are charts used in other classes?
Are charts used in Algebra? Why?
Are charts used in Social Studies? Why?
Are charts used in English? Why?
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

38. What you need to know You need to know:
The six common charts used in business.
The object is to understand how each chart is used to communicate information.
For example, if you are trying to compare the sales of Honda Civics to the sales of Nissan Altimas, what chart will best explain the data?
Why is one chart preferred over another?
Which chart will best communicate the data?
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

39. 6 Common types of charts Column Chart XY Scatter Chart
Stacked Bar Chart
Line Chart
XY Scatter Chart
Pie Chart
Exploded Pie Chart
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.

40. Column Chart
A Column Chart is used to make comparisons and generalizations about groups of data.
such as, to compare the number of students from each class (Sophomores, Juniors, and Seniors) and their attendance and school spirit at assemblies.
A Column Chart is a series of vertical chart
columns, each representative of a data series.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

41. School Spirit at Assemblies
Column Chart
This chart compares the attendance rates/school spirit of Seniors, Juniors, and Sophomores at assemblies over a period of four months.
School Spirit at Assemblies
Which group attends assemblies most consistently? – The sophomores have the most consistent attendance as evidenced by the green bars.
Which group attends the assemblies most inconsistently? The seniors. Their attendance increases in January and February, shows a dramatic increase in March, and declines by more than half in April.
Which group has the most consistent school spirit? The Sophomores have the most consistent attendance/school spirit, as evidenced by the green bars.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

42. Compare 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

43. Stacked Bar
This chart focuses more on each group’s contribution to the whole for any given month.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

44. Line
This chart would be okay if we were analyzing trends in attendance rates, but it does not provide a good side-by-side comparison.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

45. XY Scatter
This chart is trying to determine if there is a correlation between the month and the attendance rate.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

46. Pie
Finally, this chart is useless for representing the data because it only allows for one data series.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

47. Stacked Bar Chart
A Stacked Bar Chart is used to represent the sum of more than one value and compare the contribution of individuals to the whole.
such as, to compare the total sales for three components/departments to the whole sales for a store.
A Bar or a Stacked Bar Chart is a series of horizontal bars, each representative of a data series.
Each bar is divided into two or more parts
The length of the stacked bar represents a total.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

48. Another Stacked Bar Chart example:
Question:
The CTE Dept. has received test scores for the first semester.
The Dept. chair wants to see how each area (Business, Marketing, Technology) contributed to the combined score.
What is the best chart type to use?
Answer:
Stacked Bar Chart
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.

49. Stacked Bar
The components are displayed in the order presented in the spreadsheet.
What was the total sales for the first quarter? About $18,000
How much did printer sales contribute to the total sales for the first quarter? $5,000
How would you determine the percent of sales for printers to the total sales for the first quarter?
This example shows the contributions of three components--Computers, Printers, and Monitors--to total sales during each quarter (three-month period).
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

50. Compare 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

51. Column
This chart does not accurately represent the contributions of each part to the whole and is instead comparing them against each other.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

52. Line
What about this chart? Can you clearly identify each component’s contribution to the whole?
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

53. XY Scatter Why does this chart not work?
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

54. Pie This chart only looks at one department.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

55. Line Chart
A Line Chart is used to show trends or changes in data over time.
such as, growth in sales over several quarters.
A Line Chart is a series of data points connected by horizontal lines, each representing a series of data.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

56. Another Line Chart example
Question:
The CTE Dept. Chair is reviewing test scores and wants to see the trends of the scores of students in these 3 areas (Business, Marketing, Technology) for the past 5 years.
What is the best chart type to use?
Answer:
Line Chart
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.

57. Line Chart Which department showed the most growth?
Which department showed a steady increase in sales?
Which department showed a decline in sales?
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

58. Compare 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

59. Column
To analyze the trends in this chart, the reader must read each data series separately and then make comparisons and generalizations.
However, in the previous Line Chart, trends were clearly and quickly analyzed just by looking at the lines.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

60. Stacked Bar Does this chart describe trends?
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

61. Pie The pie chart fails to present all of the data.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

62. XY Scatter
An XY Scatter Chart is used to indicate the correlation of two or more sets of data.
such as, the correlation between stress rates and wait time in a doctor’s office.
or the correlation between pulse rates and
wait time in the principal’s office.
A business example of an XY Chart is one that represents the effect (if any) of caffeine on worker productivity.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

63. XY Scatter
What effect did the wait time in the principal’s office have on pulse rate?
What effect did the wait time in the doctor’s office have on pulse rate?
This data is fictional.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

64. Compare 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

65. Column
As you can see, if this chart is used, the data is confusing and not easily interpreted.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

66. Stacked Bar This chart is also hard to interpret.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

67. Pie
The pie chart, once again, is clearly not the preferred chart for representing and communicating the data!
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

68. Pie Chart A Pie Chart is used to represent only one series of data.
A Pie Chart shows the contribution of each component of one series of data to the whole.
such as, the percentage (%) of each expenditure to the total budget
the % of each investment type in a portfolio
It answers the question, “What is the percentage of each part to the whole?”
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

69. Pie Chart Which item contributed the most percent to total sales?
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

70. Exploded Pie Chart
An Exploded Pie Chart is a pie chart in which the individual components are enhanced. It is used to emphasize one or more portions of the data (one piece of the pie is enhanced).
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

71. Exploded Pie Chart 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

72. Review: Can you identify the charts?
Represents the contribution of individual items to the whole
Indicates trends in data
Makes comparisons about groups of data
Emphasizes one or more portions of the data
Represents only one series of data
Indicates a correlation
Stacked bar
Line
Bar
Exploded pie
Pie
XY Scatter
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

73. Stacked Bar 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

74. XY Scatter 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

75. Column Chart 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

76. Exploded Pie 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

77. Pie 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

78. Line 4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business.
4.02 Types of Charts

79. Chart and Graphs used in Business CHART COMPONENTS
Obj Understand charts and graphs used in business.
4.02 Chart Components

80. Purpose of Charts and Graphs
Charts and graphs are used in business to communicate and clarify spreadsheet information. Charts and graphs emphasize and categorize spreadsheet information into a format that can be quickly and easily analyzed.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

81. Why do you need to learn about charts?
Can you answer these questions? (1) Why might you use a chart to present spreadsheet information? (2) What does a chart or graph do that a spreadsheet does not?
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

82. Is it a Chart or a Graph? plot area gridlines and values.
A Graph is a feature of a chart used to plot data.
A Graph is a pictorial representation of data.
It includes the:
plot area
gridlines
and values.
A graph is used in a chart .
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

83. Is it a Chart or a Graph? A Chart is the total package that includes:
titles
values
axis labels
legend
information
color
and adds meaning to the graph
A Chart is an enhancement of a graph.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

84. Whereas spreadsheet data is often filled with numbers, labels, and values that require time- consuming analysis a chart emphasizes and categories the spreadsheet information into a format that can be quickly and easily analyzed.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

85. A chart is to a spreadsheet as a picture is to a thousand words!
4.02 Chart Components

86. Examples of Charts used in business:
Represent sales trends within different departments of a store
Represent the contribution of individual employee sales to the total sales for a company
Represent the percent of each expense to total expenses
Analyze stock prices and explain the fluctuations to stockholders
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

87. Components of Graphs and Charts
4.02 Chart Components

88. Components of Graphs Y-axis Gridline X-axis Plot area Data markers
Data series
Gridline
Plot area
Tick mark
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

89. Y-axis The Y- axis is the left vertical side of the graph.
It contains the numerical data.
Y-axis
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

90. X-axis The X- axis is the bottom horizontal side of the graph.
It contains the category information.
Y-axis
X-axis
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

91. Data Markers Data Markers are used in a graph to indicate data values.
Remember:
Data Markers represent values!
Y-axis
X-axis
Data Marker
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

92. Data Series A Data Series is a collection of related values,
such as one row or one column from a spreadsheet.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

93. Gridline
A Gridline is a horizontal or vertical line that extends across the plot area of the graph for the purpose of adding clarification to the data.
Gridlines make it easier to read and understand the values.
Gridlines
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

94. Example Question: What would make it easier to read? Answer: Gridlines
Scenario: This Stacked Bar Chart shows the Total Sales of each employee over a 4-month period.
Question: What would make it easier to read?
Answer: Gridlines
Gridlines would make it much easier to read and understand the values (Notice—there are NO gridlines in this chart!)
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business

95. (the gray area shown in this graph)
Plot Area
Plot Area
(the gray area shown in this graph)
The Plot Area is the background portion of a graph.
It is the rectangular area bound by the category (X) and values (Y) axes.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

96. Tick Mark
Tick Marks
The Tick Mark is used in a graph to clarify the data categories or values.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

97. Components of Charts Legend Chart Title Data Label X-Axis Title
Y-Axis Title
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

98. Legend
Legend
The Legend is an object that explains the symbols, colors, or patterns used to differentiate the data.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

99. Data Label A Data Label is a single value or text explanation
Data Labels
A Data Label is a single value or
text explanation
used to explain the data in a series.
It is a piece of data from the data series.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

100. Example Question: Which feature is used to indicate the
Scenario: This Column Chart compares the sales of the
GY Music Store against the sales of Notes Online.
Question: Which feature is used to indicate the
sales amounts in the plot area?
Answer: Data Labels
Data Labels are used to
explain the data in the
series.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business

101. Chart Title
Chart Title
The Chart Title is the main heading, which describes the purpose and content of the chart.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

102. Example Question: What feature should be added to explain
Scenario: This Line Chart represents the effect of irrigation on plant height.
Question: What feature should be added to explain
the chart’s purpose?
Answer: Chart Title
The Chart Title is the
Main Heading that
describes the purpose
and content of the chart.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business

103. Axis Titles
Axis Titles
The Y-axis Title: describes the Y-axis, which is the vertical data. The X-axis Title describes the X-axis, which is the horizontal data.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

104. 7. 4. 1. 6. 5. 8. 3. 2. 9.
10.
Now it’s your turn!
See if you can identify all of the components and describe their functions.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

105. How did you do? 2. 1. 5. 3. 4. 7. 6. 9. 8. 1. Data Series
2. Chart Title 5. 3.
3. Y-axis Labels 4.
4. Data Labels
5. Plot Area 7.
6. Gridline
7. Legend 6.
10.
8. X-axis Labels
9. X-axis Title 8. 9.
10. Tick Marks
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

106. Embedded Chart or a Separate Chart
An Embedded chart is one that appears on the same sheet as the spreadsheet/worksheet it represents.
otherwise, it is referred to as a separate chart.
A Separate chart is one that does not appear on the same sheet as the spreadsheet/worksheet it represents.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

107. Linked Chart
A Linked chart is one that will change to reflect changes made to the spreadsheet it represents.
4.02 Understand charts/graphs used in business
4.02 Chart Components

108. Charts and Graphs used in Business
Charts and graphs are used in business to communicate and clarify spreadsheet information
A graph is a pictorial representation of data. It includes the plot area, gridlines, and values.
A graph is used in a chart.
A chart is an enhancement of a graph that includes labels, legend information, titles, and color and adds meaning to the graph.
a chart emphasizes and categorizes the spreadsheet information into a format that can be quickly and easily analyzed.

109. Examples of charts used in business
Represent sales trends within different departments of a store
Represent the contribution of individual employee sales to the total sales for a company
Represent the percent of each expense to total expenses
Analyze stock prices and explain the fluctuations to stakeholders

110. Components of Graphs and Charts
The y-axis is the left vertical side of the graph. It contains the numerical data.
The x-axis is the bottom horizontal side of the graph. It contains the category information.
Data markers are used in a graph to indicate data values.
A data series is a collection of related values, such as one row or column from a spreadsheet.
A gridline is a horizontal or vertical line that extends across the plot area of the graph for the purpose of adding clarification to the data.
The plot area is the background portion of a graph. It is the area bound by the values (y) and categories (x) axes.
A tick mark is used in a graph to clarify data categories or values.

111. Charts
Chart
A legend is an object that explains the symbols, colors, or patterns used to differentiate the data.
A data label is a single value or text explanation used to explain the data in a series.
A chart title is the main heading, which describes the purpose and content.
The x-axis title describes the horizontal data.
The y-axis title describes the vertical data.
Embedded and linked
An embedded chart is one that appears on the same sheet as the spreadsheet it represents; otherwise, it is referred to as a separate chart.
A linked chart is one that will reflect changes made to the spreadsheet it represents.

112. Common Charts Used in Business
A column chart is used to make comparisons and generalizations about groups of data, such as to compare the number of students from each class (Sophomores, Juniors, and Seniors) to their attendance at assemblies.
A stacked bar chart is used to represent the sum of more than one value and compare the contribution of individuals to the whole, such as the total sales for three components to the whole sales for a store.
A line chart is used to show trends or changes in data over time, such as growth in sales over several quarters.
An XY scatter chart is used to show the correlation of two or more data sets, such as the correlation between stress rates and wait time in a doctor’s office.
A pie chart is used to represent the contribution of each component of one series of data to the whole, such as the percentage of expenditures to the total budget.
An exploded pie chart is a pie chart in which the individual components are enhanced.

113. Types of Charts/Graphs