1. Ethics: Theory and Practice
Jacques P. Thiroux
Keith W. Krasemann

2. Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing
Chapter Twelve
Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing

3. Definition of Key Terms
Lying is an intentionally deceptive message in the form of a statement or piece of information deliberately presented as being true – anything meant to deceive or give a wrong impression
A white lie is a falsehood not meant to injure anyone and is often considered as having little moral import

4. Definition of Key Terms
Lies of commission are direct statements that are outright lies
Lies of omission involve not stating certain information that is vital to an important human activity
Cheating is deceiving by trickery, swindling, misleading, and acting dishonestly or practicing fraud

5. Definition of Key Terms
A promise is a declaration or vow that one will or will not do something, and to break a promise is to fail to conform to or to act contrary to or violate the promise
Stealing is taking something without right or permission, generally in a surreptitious way

6. Nonconsequentialist and Consequentialist Views
Rule nonconsequentialist views are opposed to any of the four acts at any time
Consequentialist and act nonconsequentialist views

7. Nonconsequentialist and Consequentialist Views
Act nonconsequentialists would not necessarily take a stand for or against these issues unless they felt like doing so
Consequentialist theories would accept any of the four actions if the greatest good consequences would result

8. Arguments Against Lying
Lying may obscure objectives of those lied to
It may hide relevant alternatives
It causes distrust in human relationships
The Domino argument seems to have more relevance here than it does with other moral issues, because very often one lie of necessity leads to another to protect the first, and so on

9. Arguments Against Lying
Lying gives an unfair advantage or power to the liar
Lying has a deleterious effect upon society in general

10. Arguments for Lying
Lying is justified in defense of the innocent, including self-defense
Lying is justified for reasons of national security, provided this reason is not abused
Lying is moral when it is done in order to protect trade secrets in business
Little white lies should be allowed as a way of getting along with others in our daily lives

11. Moderate Position
Generally accepts the attitude that “honesty is the best policy”
One must be very careful of the consequences of any lie, even white lies
Lying is not the only alternative to telling hurtful truths – one may tell this truth gently, compassionately, and with hope wherever possible

12. Moderate Position
If people have to lie, then they must try to make the consequences of the lying as harmless as possible
One should try to avoid habitual lying
One should be aware that lying can also have a bad effect upon the liar as well as the person lied to

13. Moderate Position
One should never lie about important matters that may affect the recipient of the lie adversely
Lying can be allowed when there is no other recourse and when innocent life is really at stake

14. Cheating
Cheating is related to lying, in that deception and dishonesty are both being practiced, but lying generally is verbal whereas cheating is basically nonverbal

15. Arguments Against Cheating
Unfair and unjust to others
Falsified qualifications for professions, for example, will have a serious effect on everyone
Can affect the cheater’s relationships with others

16. Arguments For Cheating
The world is a dog-eat-dog jungle, one in which you must often cheat to survive and get ahead
Also, winning is everything, no matter how you do it
Everyone does it; therefore, why not cheat?
It’s all right to cheat, so long as you don’t get caught

17. Breaking Promises
Implied agreements such as the following allow us to live safely and meaningfully with each other in society:
Not to do harm to one another
Not to lie or cheat
To obey laws imposed for the general good
To stop at red lights and stop signs
To treat each other with respect and dignity
To keep promises we make

18. Breaking Promises
Breaking promises is a form of dishonesty, as is cheating
In earlier days, a person’s promise or word was an integral part of reputation, but now many promises or agreements have to be written down for two reasons:
They are more complex
Fewer people actually honor their agreements

19. Arguments Against Breaking Promises
Breaking promises destroys human relationships
Again, the Domino argument applies here
Breaking promises seriously affects people’s life choices
Breaking promises destroys general social trust
Loss of personal integrity may result

20. Arguments for Breaking Promises
One should have the individual freedom to decide which promises to keep and which to break
Any rules against breaking promises are a denial of such freedom

21. Arguments for Breaking Promises
Breaking promises should be allowed when more important moral issues are involved, such as protecting and saving human life
It should be allowed when no harm is done to anyone by breaking the promise

22. Arguments for Breaking Promises
Promises made in unusual situations, for example, as to satisfy someone on his or her deathbed, can justifiably be broken later on, especially for good reasons
Just as we often say, “buyer beware,” recipients of promises also should beware – they shouldn’t count on promises being kept

23. Stealing
A basic assumption in most societies is that people are entitled to what they have inherited, invested, created, and earned
Therefore, stealing generally is considered to be immoral

24. Arguments Against Stealing
People have property rights, which are often considered as important or even more important than life itself
Stealing breaks down the trust people have in one another
Stealing constitutes a serious invasion of privacy
The Domino argument

25. Arguments Against Stealing
Stealing has destructive effects, both physical and psychological, upon victims
Thieves themselves can be seriously affected through loss of integrity and through punishment if they are caught
As with the other three issues, stealing also has a bad effect on society in general

26. Arguments For Stealing
We live in a corrupt economic system in which the rich get richer and the poor get poorer
Sometimes the only way to achieve some sort of balance between these inequities is to steal

27. Arguments For Stealing
Stealing should be allowed in crucial emergency situations, such as to prevent the starvation of children
Stealing is a way out for those who crave a life of thrills, adventure, and excitement

28. Arguments For Stealing
It is allowable to steal from institutions and organizations because they can afford it and end up with most of our money anyway
As with cheating, one ought to be allowed to steal as long as one doesn’t get caught

29. Arguments For Stealing
It can be condoned when it involves stealing government and military secrets from potential or real enemies so as to protect one’s own national security