1. Unit 14: Social Psychology

2. Unit Overview Social Thinking Social Influence Social Relations
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3. Introduction
Social Psychology

4. Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations
Attribution theory
Dispositional (internal characteristics) vs. situational attribution (external characteristics)
Fundamental attribution error
Self-serving bias

5. Personal relationships School relationships Political relationships
Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations The Effects of Attribution
Personal relationships
School relationships
Political relationships
Activities relationships
Job relationships

6. Attitudes and Actions Attitude Central route persuasion
Peripheral route persuasion

7. The Theory of Reasoned Action
Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen
Theory
A person’s attitude toward a behavior is a function of the desirability of the possible outcomes weighted by the motivation to conform with those expectations
Does she think it is the right step for her (attitude; desirability of the possible outcomes)?
Does she think her parents, friends, church want her to (subjective social norm)?

8. Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes
The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
“start small and build”

9. Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes
Role-Playing Affects Attitudes
Role
Stanford prison study

10. Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes
Role-Playing Affects Attitudes
Role
Stanford prison study
Abu Ghraib

11. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Which amount do you believe your actual enjoyment rating of the tasks would be higher?
$1 or $20
Intuitively, Osberg reports that almost all students indicate the $20
Leon Festinger
Those who received only $1 had insufficient justification for their behavior, which led to dissonance, which, in turn, produced a change in attitude about the tasks
Cognitive dissonance theory explains human behavior by positing that people have a bias to seek consonance between their expectations and reality

12. Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance: Relief From Tension
Cognitive dissonance theory
“Attitudes follow behavior”
Justification of Effort theory
“Hell Week” at college
Elliot Aronson and Judson Mills study

13. Conformity and Obedience
Chameleon effect
Also called “unintentional mirroring”, the chameleon effect usually applies to people who are getting along so well, each tend to mimic each other's body posture, hand gestures, speaking accents, among others.
This was confirmed by the Chartrand & Bargh experiments.

14. Conformity and Obedience Group Pressure and Conformity
Solomon Asch study

15. Conformity and Obedience Solomon Asch Study

16. Conformity and Obedience Group Pressure and Conformity
Conditions That Strengthen Conformity
One is made to feel incompetent or insecure
Group has at least three people
Group is unanimous
One admires the group’s status
One has made no prior commitment
Others in group observe one’s behavior
One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards

17. Conformity and Obedience Group Pressure and Conformity
Reasons for Conforming
Normative social influence
Informational social influence

18. Conformity and Obedience Obedience
Milgram’s studies on obedience
Procedure
Results
Ethics
Follow up studies

19. Conformity and Obedience Obedience

20. Conformity and Obedience Obedience

21. Conformity and Obedience Obedience

22. Conformity and Obedience Obedience

23. Conformity and Obedience Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies
Ordinary people being corrupted by an evil situation

24. Conformity and Obedience Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies
THREE key social dynamics of why people go along with human evil
Authoritarians and socially dominant personalities
Drawn to hierarchical environments
People are transformed by their group membership
Those with authoritarian views gain influence when others, go along with them or at least don’t try to stop them

25. Group Influence

26. Group Influence Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
Social Facilitation
Task difficulty
Expertise effects
Crowding effects

27. Group Influence Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
Social Facilitation
Social facilitation is the tendency for people to be aroused into better performance on simple tasks (or tasks at which they are expert or that have become autonomous) when under the eye of others, rather than while they are alone (audience effect), or when they are working alongside other people (co-actor effect)

28. Group Influence Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
Social Loafing
Reasons why?
Less accountability
View themselves as dispensable

29. Group Influence Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
Deindividuation
Anonymity
Group size
Arousal

30. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

31. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

32. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

33. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

34. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

35. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

36. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Groupthink
Bay of Pigs
Challenger explosion
WMD

37. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
PREVENT GROUPTHINK
1 member play devil’s advocate
Use subgroups occasionally
After consensus, meet back in after a short period of time to discuss any doubts
Call in outside experts to challenge the group’s view

38. WISDOM OF THE CROWDS David Myers Analogy example
Assertion is to disproved as action is to
Hindered
Opposed
Illegal
Precipitate
thwarted
RESULTS
If by yourself; most (80%) fail
If 2 members of a 6 member group get it right; the other 2/3 are convinced
If only 1 person gets it right; he or she fails to convince the group ¾ of the time.

39. Cultural Influence
Culture
Culture within animals
Culture in humans

40. Cultural Influence Variations Across Cultures
Norm
Personal space
Pace of life

41. Cultural Influence Variation Over Time
Changes over the generations

42. The Power of Individuals
Social control vs personal control
Minority influence
There are two types of social influence: majority influence (conformity) and minority influence (innovation).

43. Social Relations

44. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?
Stereotype
Discrimination

45. PREJUDICE MEASURE STEREOTYPES MEN and WOMEN
COMMUNAL (TENDER and COMPASSIONATE)
1,4,8,10,12, 15
AGENTIC (or ASSERTIVE)
2,3,5,6,7,9,11,13,14,16
TWO SCORES for each side
Compute the MEAN for both categories for MAN and WOMAN

46. PREJUDICE MEASURE STEREOTYPES MEN and WOMEN
Males as almost twice as likely as females to be assertive and dominant AND roughly half as likely to describe themselves as tender and compassionate

47. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

48. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

49. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

50. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

51. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

52. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

53. Prejudice Social Roots of Prejudice
Social Inequalities
Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup
Ingroup (Ingroup bias)
Outgroup
Emotional roots of prejudice
Scapegoat theory

54. Prejudice Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
Categorization
Outgroup homogeneity
Other-race effect
Vivid cases
Just-world phenomenon
Hindsight bias

55. Aggression
Aggression

56. Aggression The Biology of Aggression
Genetic Influences
Neural Influences
Biochemical Influences

57. Aggression Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
Aversive Events
Frustration-aggression principle
Fight or slight reaction
Social and cultural influences
Aggression-replacement program

58. Aggression Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
Observing models of aggression
Rape myth
Acquiring social scripts
Do video games teach, or release violence?
Catharsis hypothesis?

59. Biopsychosocial Understanding of Aggression

60. Biopsychosocial Understanding of Aggression

61. Biopsychosocial Understanding of Aggression

62. Biopsychosocial Understanding of Aggression

63. Attraction The Psychology of Attraction
Proximity
Mere exposure effect
Physical attractiveness
Similarity
Reward theory of attraction

64. Attraction Romantic Love
Passionate love
Companionate love
Equity
Self-disclosure

65. Altruism Altruism Bystander Intervention Kitty Genovese
Diffusion of responsibility
Bystander effect

66. Altruism

67. Altruism

68. Altruism

69. Altruism

70. Altruism

71. Altruism

72. Altruism

73. Altruism

74. Altruism

75. Altruism The Norms of Helping
Social exchange theory
Reciprocity norm
Social-responsibility norm

76. Conflict and Peacemaking
Social trap
Non-zero sum game

77. Conflict and Peacemaking Enemy Perceptions
Mirror-image perceptions
Self-fulfilling prophecy

78. Conflict and Peacemaking
Contact
Cooperation
Superordinate goals
Communication
Conciliation
GRIT

79. The End

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81. Teacher Information
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86. Definition Slides

87. Social Psychology
= the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

88. Attribution Theory
= the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

89. Fundamental Attribution Error
= the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

90. Attitude
= feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

91. Central Route Persuasion
= attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

92. Peripheral Route Persuasion
= attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

93. Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
= the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

94. Role
= a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

95. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
= the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

96. Conformity
= adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

97. Normative Social Influence
= influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

98. Informational Social Influence
= influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality.

99. Social Facilitation
= stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

100. Social Loafing
= the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

101. Deindividuation
= the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

102. Group Polarization
= the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups.

103. Groupthink
= the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

104. Culture
= the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

105. Norm
= an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

106. Personal Space
= the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.

107. Prejudice
= an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

108. Stereotype
= a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

109. Discrimination
= unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

110. Ingroup
= “Us” – people with whom we share a common identity.

111. Outgroup
= “Them” – those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

112. Ingroup Bias
= the tendency to favor our own group.

113. Scapegoat Theory
= the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

114. Other-race Effect
= the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

115. Just-World Phenomenon
= the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

116. Aggression
= any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

117. Frustration-aggression Principle
= the principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression.

118. Mere Exposure Effect
= the phenomenon the repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

119. Passionate Love
= an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

120. Companionate Love
= the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

121. Equity
= a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

122. Self-Disclosure
= revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

123. Altruism
= unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

124. Bystander Effect
= the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

125. Social Exchange Theory
= the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

126. Reciprocity Norm
= an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them.

127. Social-Responsibility Norm
= an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

128. Conflict
= a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

129. Social Trap
= a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

130. Mirror-Image Perceptions
= mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

131. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
= a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

132. Superordinate Goals
= shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

133. GRIT
= Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction – a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.