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The superior temporal sulcus Oct 4, 2017 – DAY 16
Brain & Language LING NSCI Harry Howard Tulane University
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Course organization Fun with I am still working on grading. Monday's material is in Auditory Cortex chapter.
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Review
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The model
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Dual pathways in vision what vs. where
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Dual pathways in vision what vs. where
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Cortical deafness
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A conversion to resolution
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University A conversion to resolution Left hemisphere, fine coding: 9 neurons index 9 regions of space Right hemisphere, coarse coding: 4 neurons index 12+ regions of space HH-FineSpatCoding.png HH-CoarseSpatCoding.png
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Summary of lateralization of phonology
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Summary of lateralization of phonology LH fine grained, small window of temporal integration RH coarse grained, large window of temporal integration high temporal frequency: rapid cues, like stops high spectral frequency: formants categorical distinctions: lexical, phrasal, clausal stress; lexical tone in Thai/Chinese?? low temporal frequency: slow cues, like vowels low spectral frequency: fundamental graded/coordinate distinctions: emotional intonation, sentence type?
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Spatial frequency: LHD ~ stimulus ~ RHD
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Spatial frequency: LHD ~ stimulus ~ RHD
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University My elaboration t11-HickokPoeppelHoward2
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The model
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The superior temporal sulcus
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The superior temporal sulcus
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The superior temporal sulcus
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The superior temporal sulcus
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A phonological network in the superior temporal sulcus
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University A phonological network in the superior temporal sulcus
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Distinguishing speech from non-speech
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Distinguishing speech from non-speech {Binder et al., 2000} presented subjects with noise, tones, words, pseudo-words and reversed words while undergoing fMRI scanning. The STS was more active in both hemispheres in response to speech (the words) than to the tones.
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Distinguishing speech from non-speech, cont.
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Distinguishing speech from non-speech, cont. In a similar vein, {Belin et al., 2000} scanned subjects while they listened to speech (isolated words or spoken passages in several languages), human non-speech vocalizations (laughs, sighs and coughs), and non-vocalizations (natural or mechanical sounds and animal cries) … control sounds: bells, human non-vocal sounds (finger snaps and hand claps), white noise whose amplitude was varied to mimic speech, and scrambled voices. … tried to 'break' the STS by removing the high and low frequencies from vocal and non-vocal sounds and asking the subjects to identify the voices. The subjects' STS activation still peaked for vocal sounds, but its amplitude was lower for the filtered stimuli, and the subjects' identifications were worse, suggesting that the STS struggled to perceive the filtered stimuli.
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Pure word deafness Pure word deafness, also known as auditory verbal agnosia, is the inability to comprehend speech. Individuals with this disorder lose the ability to understand language, repeat words, and write from dictation. However, spontaneous speaking, reading, and writing are preserved.
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Pure word deafness with auditory object agnosia after bilateral lesion of the superior temporal sulcus Gutschalk et al (2015) Here we studied a patient with bilateral STS lesions caused by ischemic strokes and relatively intact medial STPs to characterize the behavioral consequences of STS loss. The patient showed severe deficits in auditory speech perception, whereas his speech production was fluent and communication by written speech was grossly intact. Auditory-evoked fields in the STP were within normal limits on both sides, suggesting that major parts of the auditory cortex were functionally intact. Further studies showed that the patient had normal hearing thresholds and only mild disability in tests for telencephalic hearing disorder. Prominent deficits were discovered in an auditory-object classification task, where the patient performed four standard deviations below the control group. In marked contrast, performance in a vowel-classification task was intact. Our results are consistent with the notion that cortex along STS is important for auditory speech perception, although it does not appear to be entirely speech specific. Formant analysis and single vowel classification, however, appear to be already implemented in auditory cortex on the STP.
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Pure word deafness How would you test this hypothesis? Break the STS, but note that it must be done BILATERALLY!
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The TRACE II model of lexical retrieval or word recognition
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The TRACE II model of lexical retrieval or word recognition
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Deep neural networks (visual objects)
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Deep neural networks (visual objects)
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University A thought In both of these computational models, all the 'neurons' are the same, but in real life brains, we know from Brodmann's work that different areas have different (cytological) structures. That is to say, in the computational models, only location in a network is important.
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Phonological neighborhoods badge vs. log
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Phonological neighborhoods badge vs. log
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The task Highlighted areas represent sites of activation in a functional MRI study contrasting high neighborhood density words (those with many similar sounding neighbors) with low neighborhood density words (those with few similar sounding neighbors). The middle to posterior portions of the superior temporal sulcus in both hemispheres (arrows) showed greater activation for high density than low density words (colored blobs), presumably reflecting the partial activation of larger neural networks when high density words are processed. Neighborhood density is a property of lexical phonological networks; thus, modulation of neural activity by density manipulation probably highlights such networks in the brain.
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Data: a metanalysis
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The lesions
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Another intermission This is a good story, but … The STS is implicated in all sorts of other cognitive abilities.
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The STS and social cognition Beauchamp (2015)
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The STS and social cognition Beauchamp (2015)
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Dissociated Roles of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus and Superior Temporal Sulcus in Audiovisual Processing: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mismatch Detection. Uno (2015) Patients were shown movie clips in which a Japanese female produced a lip movement of “pa,” “ka,” “ta,” or “su” with a voice speaking the syllable of “pa,” “ka,” or “ta.” In the congruent condition, the syllable spoken by the voice was congruent with the lip movement. In the incongruent conditions, the audiovisual information was mismatched: In the low-incongruent condition the voice “pa” was presented with the lip movement “ka” and in the high-incongruent condition the voice “pa” was presented with the lip movement “su”.
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University In a picture
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Results We recorded high gamma activity (HGA), which is associated with neuronal firing in local brain regions, using electrocorticography while patients with epilepsy judged the syllable spoken by a voice while looking at voice-congruent or -incongruent lip movement from the speaker. The STS exhibited stronger HGA if the patient was presented with information of large audiovisual incongruence than of small incongruence, especially if the auditory information was correctly identified. On the other hand, the IFG exhibited stronger HGA in trials with small audiovisual incongruence when patients correctly perceived the auditory information than when patients incorrectly perceived the auditory information due to the mismatched visual information..
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
04-oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University NEXT TIME Wernicke's aphasia
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