1. WELCOME TO ANATOMY
Achievement Standard 1.2

2. Anatomical Position
In order to explain positioning of bones, organs, and muscles, anatomists have a agreed on a standardised position for the body.
This position is known as the Anatomical Position.
This allows everyone to talk from the same point of view regardless of their profession or level of expertise.

3. The Anatomical Position

4. Four features to note: Palms face forwards Body is upright
Thumbs point outwards
Face is forward

5. Questions for you:
Why is it important to always talk about the position of organs, bones and muscles in the human body with respect to the anatomical position?
What are the anatomical names for front and back?

6. Handout – Anatomical Terms of Direction
Have a go at filling in empty boxes yourself.
Use pencil, easier to change if you make a mistake.
You have 10min, then we will go over answers as a class.

7. Skeletal System Bones are living structures with 5 functions:
protect internal organs
support the body
make blood cells
store minerals
provide for muscle attachment

8. Skeleton
All the bones of the skeleton are divided into two main groups.
Axial Skeleton – consists of those bones forming the central column of the body i.e. spine, skull and rib cage.
Appendicular Skeleton – Those bones that attach to the axial skeleton i.e. shoulders, hips and the limbs.

9. Bones
Label the bones on the skeleton. Use common names and scientific names e.g. skull and cranium.
Which bones make up the:
Elbow joint?
Knee joint?
Shoulder joint?
Hip joint?

12. Questions
Which of the following is not a function of the human skeleton?
Ensure maintenance of a correct posture
Act as a store for minerals
Allow movement
Produce blood cells
Provide attachment for muscles

13. Questions cont. The two bones of the lower leg are:
The tibula and fibula
The tibia and fibia
The radius and the ulna
The tibula and fibia
None of these

14. More Questions Match the common name with the anatomical name.
Clavical Breast bone
Scapula Jaw
Tibia Shin
Mandible Collar bone
Sternum Ankle
Tarsals Shoulder blade

15. More Questions The elbow is _______ to the wrist.
The big toe is on the _______ aspect of the foot.
The sacrum is ______ to the coccyx.
The abdominal muscles are on the _____ surface of the body.
The thumb is on the _____ aspect of the hand.

16. Muscles Function – to cause movement
Controlled by nerves (some voluntary, some involuntary)
Contract (shorten) – which brings bones closer together therefore for movements to occur in both directions, the muscles must work together in pairs e.g. bicep & triceps, hamstrings & quadriceps.

17. Muscle Contraction
This diagram shows the muscles fibers shortening to contract.
The fibers slide past each other.
Then it shows the muscle relaxing, or lengthening.

18. Muscles Prime mover – muscle that causes the movement = AGONIST.
ANTAGONIST = muscle that relaxes and lengthens so that agonist can work.

20. Muscle Man Label the muscles on your diagram.
Use pencil first if you are unsure of the muscle names.
We will go through the muscles as a class so you will get the correct names.

22. Questions Your shoulder joint is widely used in tennis.
What bones make up the shoulder joint?
What muscles make up the shoulder joint?
What movements can the shoulder joint perform?
Explain how the shoulder joint allows the performance of a forehand shot in tennis.

23. JOINT MOVEMENTS Six key movements:
1. Rotation – movements around a central axis e.g. rotating neck from side to side.
2. Abduction – Any movement away from the mid-line of the body.
3. Adduction – Any movement that brings bones towards the mid-line.

24. JOINT MOVEMENTS CONT.
4. Circumduction – Involves a combination of movements: flexion, abduction, extension and adduction. If you anchor one end of a bone and draw an imaginary circle with the other end, the resulting movement is called circumduction.
5. Flexion – The ‘folding up’ of a joint where the fleshy parts are brought together.

25. Joint Movements Cont.
6. Extension – The ‘opening out’ of a joint where the angle between the two bones is greater.
Specific Joint Movements:
1. Supination – A movement that turns your hand so that your palm faces upwards.
2. Pronation – The opposite movement to supination. The hand is turned down so the palm faces downwards.

26. Specific Joint Movements Cont.
3. Dorsiflexion – A movement where the toes are pulled upwards toward the sun.
4. Plantarflexion – A movement that occurs when the toes are pointed downwards, away from the shin.

27. JOINTS 3 types of joints in the body.
1. Immovable – also known as fibrous joints.
2. Slightly Mobile – also known as cartilagenous joints.
3. Freely moveable – also known as synovial joints.

28. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
The primary function of synovial joints is to provide movement.
All synovial joints follow the same basic structure as indicated below. Please draw diagram into your book.

29. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Ligaments – join bone to bone for stability.
Capsule – provides stability and protection from infection.
Cartilage – reduces wear and tear on bones.
Synovial fluid – lubricates the joint and provides shock absorption.
Synovial membrane – produces synovial fluid.

30. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Synovial joints can be divided into 6 basic types. The types are governed by the type of movement/s they allow:
1. Gliding
2. Hinge **
3. Pivot **
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and Socket **

31. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Ball and Socket – A ball-shaped bone fits into a socket or cup-shaped bone. Examples are the hip and shoulder. Movements = side to side, back and forth, and rotation.

32. SYNOVIAL JOINTS CONT.
Hinge Joint – Similar to a hinge on a door. Two bones in such a way that movement is possible only in one direction, usually at right angles to the bones. Examples are elbow and ankle. Movement = back and forth (flexion/extension).

33. SYNOVIAL JOINTS CONT.
Pivot Joint – A joint constructed in such a way that only rotation is possible. Examples are radius and humerus, and neck.

34. BIOMECHANICS
Biomechanics is the study of forces and their effects on the human body during movement.
Forces are the basis for all movement.

35. CENTRE OF GRAVITY
The point at which all parts of an object are equally balanced.
Standing up right our centre of gravity is around our navel.
The centre of gravity changes depending upon what position the body is in.
The centre of gravity can lie outside an object.
Generally, the lower the COG the more stable an object will be.

36. LINE OF GRAVITY
The vertical line that passes through the centre of gravity to the ground.
The line of gravity is important when determining the stability of an object.
If the line of gravity falls within an object’s base of support the object is relatively stable (and vice versa).

38. BASE OF SUPPORT
The area within an object’s point of contact with the ground.
Generally, the larger the area the base of support covers, the more stable an object will be.

39. QUESTIONS Copy each of the objects and draw in the centre of gravity.
Which player is more stable? Explain using the words base of support, line of gravity and COG.

40. BIOMECHANICS - MOTION
Linear motion – is in a straight (vertical) line. All parts of the body move in the same direction and at the same speed. [Give examples]
Angular motion – occurs around an axis. This can be internal (body parts rotating around a joint) or external e.g. ………..
General motion – a combination of linear and angular. This is the most common of all movements, as most human movement requires rotation of body parts around joints e.g. ……….

41. BODY TYPES
ECTOMORPHS
Typically tall and slender. They don’t have much muscle and typically little fat.
Relatively long arms and legs. This allows them to reach further, which gives an advantage when contesting the ball in netball and basketball.
Typically suited to endurance sports and sports that don’t require a lot of physical contact.

42. BODY TYPES
ENDOMORPHS
This body type tends to be shorter and carries large amounts of fat compared with ectomorphs.
Extra body fat allows them to float better in the water and provides insulation from the cold.
Suited to short duration activities not requiring lots of endurance.

43. BODY TYPES MESOMORPH Carries a large amount of muscle.
People with this body type look athletic.
Suited to activities requiring strength and endurance, as the extra muscle provides the power to perform activities faster and for longer periods of time.

44. Identify Each of the Body Types
Endomorph
Ectomorph
Mesomorph

45. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law 1: A body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion unless an unbalanced force acts upon it.
An object at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted upon by some external force.

46. Inertia The body’s tendency to remain at rest.
The greater the mass of the body, the greater the inertia.
Which object has greater inertia, a ping pong ball or shot?
This directly relates to Newton’s 1st Law. How?

47. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s 1st Law illustrated.

48. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law 2: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force causing it, is in the same direction as the force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
When a force acts upon a mass, the result is acceleration of that mass.

49. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law 3: Whenever a force is applied there is an equal and opposite reaction.

50. LEVERS
A lever is used when you want to apply more force. Most levers have three clearly identified parts:
The fulcrum – the pivot point around which the movement happens. In body levers this is usually the joint.
The load – the weight that needs to be moved (resistance).
The force – the place where force is applied. In the body this is the effort produced by the muscles contracting.

51. LEVERS
Can you think of any household tools/machinery that act as levers?

52. Levers in Sport
In some sports the equipment you use acts as an extension of the levers in your body and helps to generate greater force or speed.
Give some examples of levers in sport.
Longer levers result in more speed, beneficial for striking and throwing objects.
Shorter levers result in greater strength, beneficial for pushing, pulling, and lifting objects.

53. Physiological Responses to Exercise
Short term responses – occur immediately to meet the demands of exercise. Gradually return to normal once exercise has stopped.
Long term responses – occur after a long period of regular exercise, generally after 5 or 6wks.
Pg 55 Orange PE book. Complete Activity 7F for homework, as well as study for your test!
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