1. Crime in America
Chapter 7

2. Nature of Crimes
A crime is something one does or fails to do that is in violation of a law. It can also be defined as behavior for which a government has set a penalty.
Criminal law designates certain conduct “criminal” and other “noncriminal.” Decisions as to what constitutes a crime are made by legislatures, which try to protect the public based on what most people believe is right and necessary for the orderly conduct of society.

3. Certain acts are prohibited or required to protect life and property, preserve individual freedoms, maintain the system of government, and uphold the morality of society.
Ideally, the goals of law are to protect human rights for all and to regulate human conduct so that people can live in harmony.

4. Crime Rates Preventing crime is not an easy task.
Crime rates are influenced by many factors, such as your location, age, and gender.
Crime is not confined to any particular group, but people between the ages of 15 and 24 commit more violent crimes than any other group.
Males commit almost four times as many crimes as females, but the rate for female offenses has increased in recent years.

5. Affects of Crimes
Crime affects us all. It costs everyone money.
The total amount of government expenditures on crime is approximately $150 billion per year.
The average cost for a family of four pays more than $1,500 per year in taxes relating to crime, even if they are not victims of crime.
Create a list of what you believe are causes of crime? Rank them from most important to least important…
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6. Causes of Crime
Causes of crime in the United States include, but NOT limited to, poverty, permissive courts, unemployment, lack of education, abuse of alcohol and drugs, inadequate police protection, rising population, lack of parental guidance, a breakdown in morals, an ineffective correctional system, little chance of being caught or punished, and the influence of television and films.
Causes of crime are many and complex.

7. Correlations
Researchers have found that a correlation exist between the status of the economy and crime rates.
In the 1990’s, with a generally strong economy and low unemployment, the crime rate did tend to go down.
Between 2001 and 2002, the United States experienced a weaker economy and a rise in crime rates. There is no consensus to this correlation in American history or among other countries.

8. Do penalties deter crime?
The United States has the toughest criminal laws and highest incarceration rate of any industrialized nation.
Tough penalties may deter some people from committing crimes, but compared with the number of crimes committed, only a small number of people ever go to prison.
Some experts say that longer prison terms are not the answer. They say the certainty of punishment is more important than the length of the sentence.
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9. Gangs and Crime
At one time, violent gangs were thought to operate only in the largest cities in the United States.
Evidence indicates, however, that gangs are now active in towns and cities of all sizes throughout the country.
One reason gangs have spread is the lure of profits from the sale of illegal drugs, an activity in which many gangs participate. The combination of drugs and guns has led to increased gang violence.
Most experts believe that there are several thousands youth gangs and members, indicating the magnitude of the problem.

10. What are Gangs?
Gangs refer to people who form groups closed to the general public, for certain common business or nonprofit purposes that may include violent criminal activity.
In the 19th century, gangs existed in many American neighborhoods. They primarily composed of adults and were usually organized along ethnic lines.
Even then gangs had names, rules, emblems, initiation rituals, and distinctive ways of dressing.

11. Early gangs were interested in protecting turf, reputation, and cultural heritage. But not all of these gangs engaged in criminal activity; neither do all gangs today.
Today’s gang members range in age from youth children to middle-age adults. Many focus on drug trafficking, firearm sales, auto theft, prostitution, and other criminal activity.
Other use group-oriented violence or other criminal behavior to defend certain beliefs, which may be racist or sexist.

12. Associations of Gangs
Gangs often associate themselves with one of several major gang “nations” and choose particular symbols, emblems, colors, phrases, and clothing with which to identify themselves.
Gangs often use graffiti to mark, or “tag,” particular territory as theirs, to intimidate rival gangs, or to instill fear in citizens of a neighborhood.

13. Who Joins Gangs & Why?
The overwhelming majority of gang members are male. Many gang members live under poor conditions at home, where their basic needs are often unmet, and they lack success in school. They feel very pessimistic about their job prospects and other opportunities for the future.
The idea that gangs members can become financially prosperous as the result of gang membership is just an urban legend. Very few gang members ever find either financial or social success.

14. Factors that influence gang membership.
Researchers have identified a number of factors that put young people at risk for gang involvement: poverty, school failure, substance abuse, family dysfunction, and domestic and community violence.
Many gang recruits have poor self-esteem and little adult participation in their lives.
Some young people join gangs to receive attention and to feel a sense of belonging that is missing in their lives. Others are the children of gang members and are choosing a similar life-style. Others join because they feel pressure from friends, possibly in the form of threats, or because they believe that once they join they will be protected from police or members of other gangs.

15. Substance Abuse and Crime
The word substance is used to describe all the different kinds of chemicals that people abuse, including alcohol and drugs.
Criminal activity often results from substance abuse or the desire for money to purchase drugs.
Alcohol is the most widely abused substance in the United States. Alcoholism contributes to the poor functioning of some families, and many people commit spouse and child abuse and other crimes while under the influence of alcohol.

16. Penalties for Driving Under the Influence
People can receive a variety of penalties for driving under the influence:
-monetary fine
-enrollment in a DWI school
-license suspended (taken away for a period of time)
-license revoked (permanently taken away)
-jail sentence (some laws require a minimum term)
Any combination of these penalties may be imposed on a convicted drunk driver. A repeat offender is likely to receive stiffer penalties.

17. Victims of Crime
Crime affects us all, but victims suffer most. Victims of crime are found among all segments of society: young, old, rich, poor and among people of all racial and ethnic group. Each year, more than 24 million Americans aged 12 and older are victims of crime than people in any other age group.
Most states now have victim assistance programs. These programs provide victims with counseling, medical care, and other services and benefits.

18. Rights of Victims A crime victim has the following rights:
1- The right to be reasonably protected from the accused.
2- The right to reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of any public court proceeding, or any parole proceeding, involving the crime of any release or escape of the accused.
3- The right not to be excluded from any such public court proceeding.
4- The right to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding in the district court involving release, plea, sentencing, or any parole proceeding.

19. 5- The reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the Government in the case.
6- The right to full and timely restitution as provided in law.
7- The right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay.
8- The right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s dignity and privacy.

20. How to Report a Crime Move to safety, if necessary.
Tell the police who you are, where you are, and what happened.
When the police arrives, describe what you saw.
Call the police immediately! If you do not report it, the police cannot help and someone else might become a victim
If possible, before the police arrive, write down: What the suspect looked like-try to note age, height, facial description, and clothing. How the suspect got away and which direction he/she went-if by car note the make, model, color, and license plate number.
You will be asked to file a complaint or to testify in court.
If anyone is hurt, ask for an ambulance.

21. Theories on why people commit crimes.
The study of why people commit crime is important, not only as a field of behavioral research, but also as a source of data for constructing public policy models in response to criminal behavior.
Greater understanding of why people commit criminal offences enables policy makers and the general public to make better decisions about the criminal justice system.

22. Why People Commit Crime?
The following are theories of crime:
classical,
biological,
psychobiologic,
sociological,
interactionist
Review the definition of each theory in preparation for the test.