1. Kingdom
Plantae 1

2. Unit Goals (as they relate to plants)
Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.
d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion).
Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.
e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems.
a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). 2

3. Unit Goals (as they relate to plants)
Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems.
e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.
Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution.
d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. 3

4. Kingdom Plantae Characteristics
b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
Kingdom Plantae Characteristics
are multicellular.
are eukaryotes.
are autotrophic.
photosynthesize.
have cellulose cell walls.
can reproduce sexually & asexually have tissues that have been organized into organs and organ systems.
Plants
Organisms are grouped into kingdoms based on genetic and anatomic similarities. 4

5. Brief History of Plants
d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.
Brief History of Plants
Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of modern plants
The invasion of land by plants probably occurred about 450 million years ago
First land plants were small mosses and ferns that had to live near water.
Plants slowly began to adapt to life on land, and spread to all biomes and climates Adapting to different environment.
We are going to look at adaptation that plant have to help them survive in different environments. 5

6. What plants need to live
Minerals
Sunlight
What plants
need to
live
Gas
Exchange
Water
For Photosynthesis 6

7. What plants need & how they obtain it.
Overview
Plants are called autotrophs, meaning “self-feeding.”
They make Glucose (a carbohydrate) from sunlight energy.
Need:
Energy
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Other minerals 7

8. Energy is needed by all organisms to carry out processes
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Intake of Energy.
Energy is needed by all organisms to carry out processes 8

9. Photosynthesis 9 Plants are Autotrophs
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
Plants are Autotrophs
This trapped energy is used to convert the inorganic raw materials CO2 and H2O to carbohydrates and O2.
The key to this process is the pigment chlorophyll. 9

10. Photosynthesis 10 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Review:
Two Main Reactions of Photosynthesis:
1. Light reactions— These reactions split water molecules, providing hydrogen and an energy source (ATP) for the Calvin cycle. Oxygen is given off.
2. Calvin cycle— the series of reactions that form simple sugars using carbon dioxide and hydrogen from water.
This process is known as carbon fixation.
The light reaction is the photo part of photosynthesis.
The Calvin cycle is the synthesis part of photosynthesis. 10

11. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts
Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.
b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts
11.1

12. Flow of energy in the environment.
Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
How is energy cycled through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?
Autotrophs store energy in glucose.
Heterotrophs eat autotrophs, and use the glucose for energy to carry out all of life's processes.
Sunlight energy
Autotrophs (photosynthesis)
Heterotrophs (Respiration)
Flow of energy in the environment.
11.2

13. Intake of Carbon Dioxide
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Intake of Carbon Dioxide 12

14. Leaves
CO2 enters through the pores in the leaves called stomata.
Adaptation:
Some leaves have a waxy coating to prevent water loss.
Bark on stems helps to insulate the tissues.
Stomata 13

15. Uptake and Movement of water
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion).
Uptake and Movement of water 14

16. Water diffuses into the roots.
-Osmosis High to low
H2O
H2O
H2O 15

17. How does the water move around the plant?16

18. Water is transported through the plant in vascular tissue called xylem.17

19. XYLEM:
Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals upward through the plant body. 18

20. 19 & Water sticks to itself and other things. XYLEM:
Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals upward through the plant body.
Water sticks to itself and other things.
Water is polar.
&
Transports by 19

21. XYLEM 20

22. Transpiration 21 Evaporation of water from the leaves
Animation
Evaporation of water from the leaves
Cohesion of water molecules causes the water to be pulled up.
Driven by sunlight
High humidity
slows down
Low humidity
speeds up
Wind increases
Increased light intensity
Closing of stomata stops transpiration

23. Transpiration 22 Adaptations:
Close stomata during the hottest part of the day to prevent water loss.

24. 23
Water Storage
e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.
Cacti have modified stems and leaves for storing water.
Helps them to survive dry conditions.

25. Movement of other Minerals24
Movement of other Minerals
PHLOEM:
Vascular tissue that transports sugars from photosynthesis through the plant body.

26. Transport of other Minerals
Animation 25
Translocation- movement of sugars in the phloem.

27. Obtaining other minerals26
Obtaining other minerals
Nitrogen Fixation
Bean Plants have bacteria in their roots that remove nitrogen from the air and “fix it” for the plant.
Mycorhizzae
Relationship between plant roots and fungus. Helps the plant get minerals from the soil.
Bean roots

28. Tulips, daffodils, potatoes, carrots, onions, garlic.22 27
Food Storage
e. Relate plant adaptations to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions
Roots & stems are modified in many plants into storage organs in order to survive through winter underground.
Tulips, daffodils, potatoes, carrots, onions, garlic.

29. -Sexual allows for the mixing of genes- increasing genetic variation
e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.
Reproduction
Sexual vs. Asexual
-Sexual allows for the mixing of genes- increasing genetic variation
-Asexual allows for reproduction when there is no other option- NO increase in genetic variation 28

30. Sexual Reproduction allows for the mixing of genes- increasing genetic variation
Sperm fuses with an egg
Some plants have flowers.
Animal pollination
Some plants have cones.
Wind pollinated
Some have neither. (Ferns & mosses).
Must live near water. Sperm must swim to egg. 29

31. Not all plants have flowers
Seeds produced in cones
Sexual reproduction 30

32. Flowers attract pollinators. Helps insure pollination
Flowers are unique reproductive organs that produce seeds surrounded by a fruit.
Flowers attract pollinators. Helps insure pollination
Female
Male
Pollination -transfer of pollen
Pollen = Sperm 31

33. 32 Seeds provide a small food supply Protects Aids in dispersal
Seeds are produced after pollination & fertilization.
-A seed is the “baby” plant.
Seeds provide a small food supply
Protects
Aids in dispersal
the sprouting of a seed is called
germination. 32

34. Adaptations/ Advantages
Seeds can tolerate unfavorable conditions by becoming dormant. When conditions
become favorable, the seed sprouts into a new plant. 33

35. Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water and animals.34

36. Not all plants have seeds.
Some produce: Spores-specialized structures that can grow directly into a new plant 35

37. Many flowers that depend on insects for pollination are brightly colored and fragrant, to draw attention to them
Seeds, pollen, flowers, & fruit are adaptations that allow some plants to survive in a wide variety of environments.
Flowers can be pollinated in a number of ways, by the wind, insects, birds, & animals, even bats. 36

38. Tropisms 37 Tropism— a plant’s response to their environment
e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.
Tropisms
Tropism— a plant’s response to their
environment
1- Gravitropism (Geotropism)—a plant’s
response to gravity
2- Phototropism— a plant’s response to light
3- Thigmotropism— a plant’s response to
touch
Characteristic of living things:
-Plants can respond to their
environment
Cool Fact:
Oldest living trees: Bristle Cone pines

39. the response of seedlings to the force of gravity.
Geotropism/Gravitropism
the response of seedlings to the force of gravity.
important when seeds are sprouting.
38.1

40. causes the roots to grow downward and the stems to grow upward, no matter what the position of the seed may be when it is planted.
Geotropism/Gravitropism
38.2

41. 39 Phototropism The ability of the plant to respond to light.
tropism Clips
The ability of the plant to respond to light.
If a plant is placed near a window or another light source, the plant will grow in the direction of the light source.
A phototropic response can happen so quickly that even a seedling will respond within a few hours. 39

42. Phototropism

43. 40 Thigmotropism The response of a plant to touch.
tropism Clips
Thigmotropism
The response of a plant to touch.
Climbing plants, ivy, and vines use thigmotropism in order to find their way up or around a solid object for support.

44. 41
So, how do plants control their growth in response to environmental stimuli?

45. 42
How do plants control their growth in response to environmental stimuli?
Most plants do this by way of chemical messengers known as hormones.
A hormone is a chemical that is produced in one part of an organism and transferred to another part to affect the activities of that part of the plant.
Hormone-producing cells
Movement of hormone
Target cells

46. 42

47. 43
auxin
Auxins are responsible for regulating phototropism in a plant by stimulating the elongation of cells.
Shaded side of a stem will grow longer than the cells on the other side, causing the stem to bend toward the light.
Help promote the growth of fruit and minimize the falling off of fruit from the plant.
When the auxin concentrations decrease in the autumn, the ripened fruit will fall. The plants will begin to lose their leaves.

48. Gibberellins 44 Growth hormones-cause plants to grow taller.
Increase the rate of seed germination and bud development.
Signal that it is time to sprout.
There are also hormones that do the opposite; they inhibit plant growth and cell division.

49. 45
It inhibits plant growth during times of stress, such as cold temperatures or drought.
In studying these hormones, scientists have found that it is the balance of different hormones that determines the plant growth, rather than one hormone by itself.

50. Can plants defend themselves?46
Can plants defend themselves?
Mechanical defense -incorporated into the physical structure of the organism.
thorns, spines and stiff hairs that repel a predator.
Chemical defense - occurs when the plant produces stinging sensations, paralysis, poisoning, or just a bad taste.
Chemical compounds that taste bad, while others contain sap that is an irritant or poison
Camouflage
the organism blends into its environment or appear to be something they are not

51. Plant Adaptations Review47
Plant Adaptations Review

52. 48
Land Adaptations
In order for plants to live on land, they must be able to:
reproduce
support their weight
provide transport of water & nutrients
protection from drying out
and insulation from the sun and temperature changes.

53. 49 Seeds go dormant Modified roots and stems are places for storage
Ex: Cacti, potatoes, carrots
Dropping of leaves in winter.
Waxy coating on leaves (Cuticle- made of Cutin-Lipid)
Bark on trees- helping to insulate the tissues inside
The branches of the conifers are flexible, allowing for them to bend instead of break under the weight of ice and snow. 49

54. 50 Pollinated in a number of ways: wind, insects, birds, animals.
Maple trees produce seeds that are shaped like a wing. They have the nickname of “helicopters.”
carried over long distances by the wind.
Some plants produce seeds that have hooks or barbs on them that attach to the fur of passing animals. These have the nickname of “hitchhikers.”
Many flowers that depend on insects for pollination are brightly colored and fragrant, to draw attention to them.
Pollen will rub off on the insect and they will carry it to another flower. The coconuts from palm trees float. They will travel from one beach to the next or even from one island to another. 50

55. Connection to Genetics
Plant biologists have used DNA technology to produce plants with many desirable traits.
These include
increased disease resistance
herbicide resistance
increased nutritional content. 51

56. 80
EOCT
Questions

57. 81
One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to
A obtain energy
B reproduce
C move
D exchange gases

58. A modified leaves form needle bundles 84
What characteristics of some pine trees allows the species to survive disasters?
A modified leaves form needle
bundles
B seeds that germinate after fires
C pollen that is easily carried by wind
D bark that is lightly colored

59. Plants that live in the rainforest have many adaptations to their environment. Some plants such as vines have adaptations which allow them to attach themselves to the trunks of trees. These adaptations allow vines to successfully compete for which of the following limiting resources in the rainforest?
A sunlight
B water
C carbon dioxide
D oxygen