1. AGENDA – 9/6/2017 Bell-Ringer: Building Blocks of Life
Take out notebook, pick up handouts, and TURN IN HW TO THE GRAY BASKET!
Bell-Ringer: Building Blocks of Life
Biomolecules (Carbohydrates and Lipids) notes
Begin Unit 1.1 SPMS sheet (page 6)
Homework:
- Quiz on Friday over Intro to Biomolecules, Vocab HW, Carbs and Lipids notes, Proteins and Nucleic Acid Notes!

2. In the fourth box, put today’s date and write the question AND your answer inside the fourth box.
What do you know about CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS? Brainstorm at least 3 things for each.
Bell-ringer 9/6/17
Keep your composition book at your desk when finished.
TURN IN YOUR BIOMOLECULES VOCAB NOW!

3. Today’s essential question:
(This is a question you should be able to answer after we take notes today.
You need to write it at the top of your notes page.)
What are 3 similarities and 3 differences between Carbohydrates and Lipids?

4. Two or more atoms bonded together Carbohydrates (sugars)
Bio- molecules
Two or more atoms bonded together
Life
Bio-molecules are large molecules that make up living things.
Proteins
Carbohydrates (sugars)
Nucleic Acids
Lipids (fats)

5. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates
A carbohydrate is a bio-molecule that supplies us with energy and has a 1:2:1 ratio of Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen in the molecule.
The sub-unit (monomer) of carbohydrates are single sugars, called monosaccharides.
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages

6. Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates
Carbs range from small sugar molecules to long starch molecules we consume in pasta and potatoes.
Key source of energy
found in most foods — especially fruits, vegetables, and grains

7. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharide: single sugar unit
Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6)
Fructose (Fruit Sugar)
Galactose
glucose

8. GLUCOSE
Glucose is the simple sugar (monosaccharide) that plants make during photosynthesis.
Plants use glucose: As an energy reserve until they need it
To grow taller and bigger
To create products such as plant hormone.
Animals use glucose: As an energy reserve until we need it
For energy
It is known as our “blood sugar”

9. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates
MONOSACCHARIDES
Simple sugars glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same formula:
But they are different because the atoms are arranged differently:
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages

10. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: double sugar unit Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
Sucrose – cane sugar
Lactose – milk sugar
Maltose -

11. Polysaccharides
Many sugars (basically a large molecule made of lots of single sugars bonded together)
Examples: starch (glucose storage in plants)
glycogen (glucose storage in animals)
cellulose (fiber, plant cell walls)
chitin (insect exoskeleton, fungus cell walls)
glucose
cellulose

12. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Bio-molecule: Lipids
Lipids are large biomolecules that are insoluble (cannot dissolve) in water.
(Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
They are diverse in structure and function, but all are insoluble.
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 12

13. Bio-molecule: Lipids
Lipids are insoluble because part of these molecule’s structure is Hydrophobic OR repels water molecules. 13

14. Fats are lipids that store energy.
Some lipids make up the membrane that wraps around our cells. 14

15. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Sub-units
Fatty acid chains
Fats and oils are made of fatty acids chains linked to a molecule of glycerol.
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 15

16. Bio-molecule: Lipids Types of fatty acid chains:
A fatty acid is a long chain of carbon and hydrogen.
Glycerol is an alcohol molecule.
Types of fatty acid chains:
•Saturated Fatty Acids (Animal Fat, Solid at Room Temp)
No double bonds- Bad Fat
•Unsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish, Plants, Liquid at Room Temp)
Double bonds- Good Fat
Mono-unsaturated
Poly-unsaturated 16

17. Bio-molecule: Lipids
Steroids are structured in rings- but still a part of the lipid family because they are insoluble.
Examples: Cholesterol, Estrogen, and Testosterone. 17

18. Answer today’s essential question:
(You should be able to answer the essential question now at the bottom of your notes. When you finish, turn to page 6 in your notebook and begin filling out the Unit 1.1 SPMS sheet.)
What are 3 similarities and 3 differences between Carbohydrates and Lipids?

20. Take out notebooks and pick up handouts!
AGENDA – 9/7/2017
Take out notebooks and pick up handouts!
Bell-Ringer: Proteins
Proteins (Enzymes) and Nucleic Acids notes
Homework:
Quiz on Friday over Intro to Biomolecules, Vocab HW, Carbs and Lipids notes, Proteins and Nucleic Notes!
Syllabus/Lab Safety Contract, signature form on Moodle

21. 1. In the fifth box, Put today’s date and Write the question AND your answer inside the fifth box.
Bellringer 9/7/17

22. How is the structure of a protein important to its function?
Today’s essential question:
(This is a question you should be able to answer after we take notes today.
You need to write it at the top of your notes page.)
How is the structure of a protein important to its function?

23. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids
A nucleic acid is a complex information storage biomolecule. (They provide directions for building proteins)
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages

24. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids
There are two main types of nucleic acids:
•DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Master code for making protein
•RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Helps make proteins by using DNA’s code.
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages

25. Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are large molecules made of smaller subunits called nucleotides.
nitrogen

26. Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids
Interestingly, some nucleotides can perform important actions as individual molecules The most common is ATP.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy molecule used by cells.
Energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates.

27. Adenosine Triphosphate
What is atp?
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do.

28. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Bio-molecule: Proteins
A protein is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, AND nitrogen.
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 28

29. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Bio-molecule: Proteins
The basic sub-unit (building blocks) of proteins are called amino acids.
There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of different kinds of proteins.
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 29

30. How are proteins built? =

31. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
How are proteins built?
Dehydration Synthesis: is a chemical reaction in which two molecules bond together and lose a water molecule.
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
To build/ put together
Loss of water

32. Bonds in a protein:
peptide bond
The bonds that are created after dehydration synthesis that hold amino acids together in a protein are called PEPTIDE BONDS.

33. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Bio-molecule: Proteins
Peptide bonds are covalent bonds formed between amino acids.
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages

34. This is why proteins are also referred to as Poly-Peptides.
peptide bond
peptide bond
peptide bond
peptide bond
This is why proteins are also referred to as Poly-Peptides.

35. How are proteins broken down?=

36. How are proteins broken down?
Hydrolysis: is a chemical reaction in which a bond between two molecules is broken by adding a water molecule.
HYDRO LYSIS
Hydrate: Add water
To break

37. Protein Structure
peptide bond
NITROGEN ATOM
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Remember: Proteins contain NITROGEN atoms, as well as hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
Remember: A protein is a bunch of amino acids bonded together…
Remember: the bonds between the amino acids are peptide bonds

38. Proteins Shape
A protein’s shape is determined by the order that amino acids are joined in
The shape of a protein determines its function
Hemoglobin antibody enzymes polymerase

39. Degrees of Protein Structure
Proteins have four stages or steps to how they are built, and end up in their final shape.
Primary Degree of Structure:
The order of amino acids in the chain.
Secondary Degree of Structure:
Spirals and pleats

40. Degrees of Protein Structure
Tertiary Degree of Structure:
Big folds
Quarternary Degree of Structure:
Binding with other folded proteins

41. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Bio-molecule: Proteins
There are tens of thousands of different kinds of proteins, but they are classified into five groups:
• STRUCTURAL
• STORAGE
• TRANSPORT
• DEFENSIVE
• ENZYMES
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 41

42. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163
Bio-molecule: Proteins
Enzymes are proteins found in living things that put molecules together for your body OR break them apart for your body.
(In other words, helps out with metabolism)
6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 42

43. It’s shape that matters!
Lock & Key model
shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit
specific enzyme for each specific reaction

44. Lock and Key Model
Two substrates
Enzyme
Active site of the enzyme

45. Lock and Key Model The substrates fit like a key in a lock Enzyme
The active site is like a lock

46. Lock and Key Model
The activation energy for these substrates to bind together has been lowered by the enzyme.
Chemical reaction!!!
Enzyme

47. Substrate: Molecule(s) that will go through a chemical reaction
Active Site: Place on an enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place
Molecule specific: The shape of the molecule has to fit the active site of an enzyme exactly- like a puzzle piece.

48. What factors affect enzyme function?pH
Temperature

49. pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity
changes in pH changes protein shape~ Denatures
most human enzymes = pH 6-8
depends on where in body
pepsin (stomach) = pH 3
trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8

50. pH Scale pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
Acidic solutions have pH values below 7
A solution with a pH of 0 is very acidic.
A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral.
Pure water has a pH of 7.
Basic solutions have pH values above 7.

51. pH stomach pepsin intestines trypsin reaction rate pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
What’s happening here?!
reaction rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH

52. Temperature human enzymes reaction rate temperature 37°
What’s happening here?!
37°
reaction rate
temperature

53. Graphing enzyme activity
Increasing activity
Denaturation: enzyme is ruined
Optimum
Enzyme activity
Temperature (C)

54. Salivary Amylase is an example of an enzyme found in your saliva that helps break down carbohydrates. 54

55. Protease ________ ___________ Sucrase ________ ___________
In Biology when a word ends in –ase it is more than likely it’s an enzyme.
Guess what polymers are broken down by these enzymes and what monomers are created?
Polymer Monomer
Protease ________ ___________
Sucrase ________ ___________
Lipase ________ ___________
Proteins
Amino Acids
Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
Lipids
Fatty acids + glycerol

56. Order of amino acids Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! DNA
folded protein
chain of amino acids
DNA
right shape!
folded protein
chain of amino acids
DNA
wrong shape!

57. For enzymes… What matters?
SHAPE!

58. Review Macromolecules
Proteins  Amino acids
Carbohydrates  Sugars
(monosaccharides, polysaccharides, glucose)
Lipids  Fatty acids and a glycerol molecule
Nucleic Acids  Nucleotides

59. How is the structure of a protein important to its function?
Answer today’s essential question:
(You should be able to answer the essential question now at the bottom of your notes.)
How is the structure of a protein important to its function?

60. 7- Characteristics of Life notes- 8/31
Put a TOC (Table of Contents) entry for “Protein and Nucleic Acid Notes”
Should look similar the pic below so far…
7- Characteristics of Life notes /31
8- Intro to Bio-Molecules Notes /1
9- Carbs and Lipids Notes /6
10- Protein and Nucleic Acid Notes- 9/7
Tape or glue your notes on the correct page.