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Figure 8.1 A simple strain gage.
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Figure 8.2 Foil strain gage.
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Figure 8.3 Orientation of strain gages in common rosettes: (a) rectangular; (b) equiangular.
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Figure 8.4 Strain-gage rosette.
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Figure 8.5 Constant-voltage Wheatstone bridge.
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Figure 8.6 Typical temperature effects on strain gage.
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Figure 8.7 Multiple strain gages: switching within bridge.
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Figure 8.8 Multiple strain gages: switching outside of bridge.
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Figure 8.9 Linear potentiometer.
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Figure 8.10 Angular potentiometer.
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Figure Schematic LVDT.
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Figure 8.12 LVDT sensor output.
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Figure 8.13 LVDT cross section.
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Figure Rotary variable differential transformer: (a) schematic; (b) simplified construction. [(b) Based on Herceg, 1976.]
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Figure Output voltage versus time for LVDT: (a) core displaced upward from center; (b) core displaced down from center.
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Figure 8.16 LVDT system block diagram.
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Figure 8.17 Linear portion of conditioned output of LVDT system.
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Figure 8.18 Capacitive displacement transducer.
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Figure 8.19 Wheatstone bridge for capacitance measurement.
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Figure Angular digital encoder: (a) binary shaft encoder; (b) side view. (Based on Turner, 1988.)
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Figure 8.21 Linear velocity transducer.
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Figure 8. 22 Two-winding linear velocity transducer (LVT)
Figure Two-winding linear velocity transducer (LVT). (Based on Herceg, 1976.).
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Figure 8.23 Doppler velocity measurement.
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Figure 8.24 Magnetic pickup for angular velocity measurement.
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Figure 8.25 Pulsed output of magnetic-pickup transducer.
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Figure 8.26 Stroboscopic tachometer.
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Figure 8.27 Photoelectric tachometer.
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Figure 8.28 Piezoelectric sensors: (a) longitudinal effect; (b) transverse effect.
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Figure 8.29 Charge amplifier for piezoelectric sensor.
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Figure 8.30 Schematic piezoelectric accelerometer.
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Figure 8.31 Strain-gage accelerometer.
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Figure 8. 32 Servo accelerometer. (Based on Lucas Schaevitz literature
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Figure Vibrometer.
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Figure 8.34 Common types of load cells: (a) cantilever beam; (b) hollow cylinder.
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Figure 8.35 Proving ring for force measurement.
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Figure 8.36 Electric-motoring dynamometer.
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Figure 8.37 Eddy-current dynamometer.
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Figure 8.38 Shaft torque meter.
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Figure 8.39 Shaft torque meter with electric output signal.
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Figure P8.14
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