1. MAN DOES NOT COME FROM APES. WE SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR.
Evolution
GIANT MISCONCEPTION
MAN DOES NOT COME FROM APES.
WE SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR.

2. What is the theory of EVOLUTION?
Scientific explanation vs. Religious explanation
Different theories of evolution exist. In this class we will only focus on the scientific theory. You are a free thinking individual and have the right to believe in the theory of your choice!

3. Evolution Evolution is a change over a period of time.
Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

5. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
In 1809, Lamarck proposed that by choosing to use, or not use, an organ, different organisms acquired or lost certain traits over time. These traits could be passed on to offspring; and in this process a species changed over time.

6. A closer look at Lamarck
Principle of Use and Disuse – organisms can control and change their size and shape by using their bodies in different ways.
By trying to use their front limbs
for flying Birds eventually
changed limbs into wings.

7. A closer look at Lamarck continued…
Principle of Acquired Traits – the concept that acquired characteristics could be inherited.
During its lifetime
an animal somehow can
change its body structure

9. According to Lamarck if you spend your life lifting weights your children will have giant muscles too!
Yeah!
Pump it UP

11. Charles Darwin – the man, the myth, the legend!
Born in England in 1809 Darwin set sail on an adventure that would change the world of science!
He is considered the “father of evolution”

12. H.M.S. Beagle

13. Some of Darwin’s Questions
Why are there no rabbits in Australia when the environment is perfect for rabbits?
Why are there no kangaroos in England?
Why do fossils sometimes resemble species that are still alive?

14. Glyptodon
Fossil
Armadillo

16. Saddle back tortoise – Hood Island, Galapagos

17. Dome Shelled Tortoise – Isabela Island, Galapagos

18. Beaks of Finches
Darwin noticed 14 different beak shapes in the finches he saw on the Galapagos
The beaks seemed well adapted to the available food sources on the different islands.

21. Flightless cormorant Only found on two of the Galapagos islands.
Only 800 pairs left
Lost ability to fly

22. Blue Footed Booby Video

23. Putting Darwin’s Ideas Together
Darwin did not complete his conclusions about evolution until 29 years after he began his journey to the Galapagos
He summarized his findings in his revolutionary book, THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES in 1859

24. The Theory of
Natural Selection

25. Natural Selection
It was once thought that species could evolve based on their needs.
However, today we know that this does not happen
Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism by which organisms evolve (and called it Natural Selection)

26. 1) Do Question Packet p ) Get your UPCO pages 3) Check If you are missing labs – Due tomorrow!!

27. Criteria for
Natural Selection

28. “Of course, long before you mature, most of you will be eaten”
1. Overproduction:
More offspring are produced, than can actually survive
“Of course, long before you mature, most of you will be eaten”

29. 2. Reproduction
We know that sexual reproduction and random genetic change (mutations) result in variations among individuals
We also know that the genetic instructions for our traits are passed on to new generations in the form of genes (DNA)
The genes that give the organisms an advantage have an adaptive value and are passed on to future generations

30. Variations

31. Wilt Chamberlain (7’1, 275 lbs.) and Willie Shoemaker (4’11, 99 lbs)
3. Variation
Individual members of a population within a species have heritable differences
These individual differences or traits are passed on to new generations
Darwin hypothesized that these variations are random
Wilt Chamberlain (7’1, 275 lbs.) and Willie Shoemaker (4’11, 99 lbs)

32. Sources of Genetic Variation
Today we know that there are 2 sources for genetic variation or differences among organisms
1. Mutations – random changes in the DNA base sequences
They can only be passed on to future generations if they occur in the gametes

33. Sources of Genetic Variation
2. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Both processes allow for genetic shuffling

34. Why are variations good?
Variations lead to biodiversity.
The more variations in organisms, the more stable the ecosystem is because variations increase the likelihood that some organisms will survive and create new future generations

35. Survival
of the
Fittest

36. 4. Struggle for Survival (“Survival of the Fittest”)
Offspring compete for resources (food and shelter) and survival.
Only those individuals who, due to their unique characteristics, are best able to survive in a given environment survive and pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring
(“Survival of the Fittest”)

39. What happens when a species is does not have an adaptation that is necessary to its environment?
EXTINCTION

43. The Peppered Moth
The 19th Century pollution caused by the Industrial Revolution blackened tree trunks and killed off the lichens that grew on the bark.
A mutant moth (black) was better camouflaged and spread through the population

45. Can you read the words below?
Can you see me?

46. Green vs. Brown Grasshoppers

47. Types of adaptations
Camouflage – ability to blend in with one’s surroundings

51. Countershading

52. Mimicry

53. Hazard colors warn predators that they are toxic!

54. Poisonous Coral Snake

55. Poisonous Berries

57. Darwin’s Evolution
Common Descent – all living things share common ancestry
Man does NOT come from apes, but man and apes share a common ancestor

58. Evolution The Evolution of humans documentary 2014

59. Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record Homologous Structures
Vestigial Structures
Analogous Structures
Embryology
DNA evidence

60. 1) The Fossil Record
Fossils that formed in rock over the course of time are evidence that species have been gradually changing for millions of years.

61. 2) Homologous Structures
Homologous Structures – different body parts from various species have different functions yet are composed of the same bones and all stem from the same embryonic cells

62. Homologous Structures

65. 3) Vestigial Structures
Vestigial structures / organs – a structure or organ that has no function
May be evidence that the structure was useful to a common ancestor
Ex: human appendix

66. Vestigial Structure in Whales

67. Structures that were thought to be vestigial
Structures that were thought to be vestigial. We now know the function of some structures.

68. 4) Analogous Structures
Structures that share the same function but is NOT derived from a common ancestor

69. 5) Embryonic Evidence
In the early embryonic stages of development many vertebrates (animals with backbones) are so similar they are difficult to tell apart.

71. 6) DNA Evidence of Evolution
Many organisms have similar DNA sequences
Humans and Bonobos share 98.4% of the same DNA

72. Cladograms-diagrams that show evolutionary relationships

77. SIMPLE TO COMPLEX
In general, simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms.

79. TYPES OF EVOLUTION

80. Punctuated Equilibrium/Evolution
States that evolution of species occurs very abruptly. Cladograms have abrupt right angles on branches.
Example bacteria

81. Gradualism
Cladograms show that evolution of species occurs over the course of a long period of time
Ex: Humans

82. Currently gradualism is the accepted theory of evolution

83. The Rate
of Evolution

84. How fast do species evolve?
In organisms that reproduce few offspring and have long life cycles, evolution takes place very slowly.
Ex: Humans

85. How fast do species evolve?
Evolution is much faster in organisms with short life cycles that produce many offspring
Ex: Resistance in bacteria and insects

86. Bacteria Resistance
In bacteria we see evolution taking place with the appearance of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
When a colony of bacteria form, some may have natural variations that make them better adapted.
When antibiotics are taken, the antibiotic resistant bacteria are not killed.
They then can reproduce creating a population dominated by antibiotic resistant bacteria

87. Insecticide Resistance
When insecticides are used, some insects have variations that make them immune to the insecticide.
These insects are not killed.
They survive and reproduce creating a new population of insects that are insecticide resistant

88. Mutations/sexual reproduction
Roundup kills only the non resistant weeds. Resistant pigweed survived and reproduced.
Only the resistant pigweed survived and reproduced.
Use natural enemies.

89. There are variation in bacteria (some are resistant to antibiotics)
The bacteria with the resistance will survive and reproduce.
The bacteria with resistance has a higher chances of survival and will pass on favorable trait to succeeding generations.