1. Quantum Chemistry

2. Valence
Edward Frankland ( )
Illustrated for Group 5A Elements

3. When the formulae of inorganic chemical compounds are considered, even a superficial observer is impressed with the general symmetry of their construction. The compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, antimony, and arsenic, especially, exhibit the tendency of these elements to form compounds containing 3 or 5 atoms of other elements; and it is in these proportions that their affinities are best satisfied: thus in the ternal group we have: NO3, NH3, NI3, NS3, PO3, PH3, PCl3, SbO3, SbH3, SbCl3, AsO3, AsH3, AsCl3, etc.: and in the five-atom group, NO5, NH4O, NH4I, PO5, PH4I, etc. Without offering any hypothesis regarding the cause of this symmetrical grouping of atoms, it is sufficiently evident from the examples just given, that such a tendency or law prevails, and that, no matter what the character of the uniting atoms may be, the combining power of the attracting element, if I may be allowed the term, is always satisfied by the same number of these atoms.
Phil. Trans. Royal Soc.
1852

4. Richard Abegg ( )
Abegg’s Rule
The difference between the maximum
positive and negative valence of an
element is frequently eight.

5. Gilbert N. Lewis ( )

6. Cubical Model of the Atom (1902)

7. Chemical Bonding

8. Quantum Mechanics H Y = E Y Wave Equation
Erwin Schrodinger (1887 – 1961)

9. Molecular Orbital Theory
Valence Bond Theory
C.A. Coulson
(1910 – 1974)
Linus Pauling
(1901 – 1994)

10. The Development of Quantum Mechanics

11. Nature of Light Christiaan Huygens (1629 – 1695)
Isaac Newton ( )

12. Properties of Waves
Reflection
Refraction

13. Diffraction

14. Interference

15. Properties of Light
Refraction
Reflection

16. Reflection of Light Corpuscles
Refraction of Light Corpuscles

17. Huygen’s Construction
Huygen Construction for Reflection
Huygen Construction for Refraction

18. Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Thomas Young (1773 – 1829)

19. Laser Source for Double Slit Experiment

20. Interpretation of the Double Slit Results

21. Fresnel’s Dot Augustin Jean Fresnel (1788 – 1827)
Simeon Poisson (1781 – 1840)

22. Maxwell’s Equations
James Clerk Maxwell (1831 – 1879)

23. Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic Spectrum

24. Heinrich Hertz (1857 – 1894)

25. Blackbody Radiation

26. Cavities as Blackbodies

28. The Ultraviolet Catastrophe
Lord Rayleigh
James Jeans

29. Max Planck (1858 – 1947)
After a few weeks of the most strenuous
labor of my life, the darkness lifted and
a new, unimagined prospect began to
dawn.

30. Photoelectric Effect

32. Einstein’s equation was a bold prediction,
Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)
Robert Millikan ( )
Einstein’s equation was a bold prediction,
for at that time there was no evidence that
Planck’s constant had any applicability
outside of blackbody radiation and there
were no experimental data on the [kinetic
energy] as a function of frequency.
Physics by Paul A. Tipler

33. Millikan’s Photoelectric Data

34. The Double Slit Experiment Revisited

35. Nature of Light Young Einstein Wave Particle (photon)
Wave-Particle Duality
(What does this mean?)

36. Atomic Structure Evidence - Atomic Spectra Hydrogen Helium Mercury
Neon

37. Evidence - Discovery of the Electron
Cathode Ray Tube
JJ Thomson (1856 – 1940)

38. Evidence - Charge of the Electron
Robert Millikan ( )

39. Evidence - Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937)
One day Geiger came to and said, “Don’t you think that young Marsden,
whom I am training in radioactive methods, ought to begin a small
research?” Now I had thought that too, so I said, “Why not let him
see if any alpha particles can be scattered through a large angle?” I may
tell you in confidence that I did not believe that there would be, since
we knew the alpha particle was a very fast massive particle, with a great
deal of energy, and you could show that if the scattering was due to the
accumulated effect of a number of small scatterings the chance of an alpha
particle being scattered backward was very small.

40. Then I remember two or three days later Geiger coming to me in
great excitement and saying, “We have been able to get some of
the alpha particles coming backwards…” It was quite the most
incredible event that has ever happened to me in my life. It was
almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of
tissue paper and it cam back and hit you.

41. Deal with the Simplest Atom First - Hydrogen
Johann Jakob Balmer ( )
Hydrogen Spectrum

42. Ritz Combination Principle
Johannes Rydberg (1854 – 1919)
WalterRitz (1878 – 1909)
Ritz Combination Principle
The sum of the frequencies of two spectral lines equals
the frequency of a third.

43. The Complete Hydrogen Spectrum
Lyman Lines
Balmer Lines
Paschen Lines

44. Energy Diagram for the Hydrogen Atom