1. Camerawork: Framing, Composition & Movement
Moving Images
Camerawork: Framing, Composition & Movement

2. Recap: Over the shoulder
and 180 degree rule
Shot Reverse Shot

3. Identify the shots in this clip
Shot Reverse Shot & the 180 Degree Rule
Breaks
continuity
180°Line
Over the
Shoulder –
Reverse shot
Over the
Shoulder -Shot
Two Shot or Master Shot: Establishes spacial relations
Identify the shots in this clip
E.g. IT Crowd

4. Things to analyse Framing (what is in shot)
Composition (putting together)
Lens (telephoto, zoom, wide angle)
Depth of field (shallow/deep)
Camera Angles
Camera shots
Colour & lighting

5. Filming Speed
Slow Motion (slo-mo): The camera is ‘over cranked’ so that film goes through the gate quicker than normal. Slow when played at normal speed. Three Colours White
Fast Motion: Reversing the process – film run slowly through the camera which looks speeded up when run at normal speed. Love & Death
Slo mo – 2.11

6. The 5 Elements of Mise en Scene
Production Design: Settings, Props and Costumes (including hair and makeup)
Colour & Lighting: : In production design and lighting - Low key/high key
Actors’ performance: Acting and Facial Expressions & Body Language
Proxemics: Positioning of characters/objects/props within the frame
*Sound – Diegetic Sound (sound that emanates from the scene) – this will be looked at next week

7. 1. Production: Settings/Locations
Settings & Locations play an important part in film-making and are not just ‘backgrounds’. They are often dynamic, moving from one location to another
Sets are either built from scratch or a great deal of time is spent to find a setting which already exists (set designer/set dresser)
Settings can manipulate an audience

8. 1. Production: Settings
How does the setting create meaning in the following clip?

9. 1. Production: Props
An object used on stage or on screen by actors during a performance or screen production. In practical terms, a prop is considered to be anything movable or portable on a stage or a set.

10. 1. Production: Props
From the following clip, pick 3 props and think about how they might make meaning for an audience. Try to focus particularly on any symbolic interpretations

11. 1. Production: Costume, Hair & Make Up
Tells us immediately whether the film is set in the present and what society/or culture it will centre around
An instant indicator to us of a character’s personality, status & job
Symbolic - Certain costumes can signify certain individuals (i.e. black cloak of a vampire, or groups (e.g. policemen)

14. Task - Costume
Watch the clip below and make notes on how the costumes make meaning. What connotations do each element of costume have?

15. 2. Lighting and Colour
Colour carries certain connotations which may add meaning to a scene (i.e. Red = Danger/Passion)
Cinematography - give a scene a particular look, feel or mood
Can be used for dramatic effect

19. BACK
LIGHT
FILLER LIGHTS
KEY LIGHT

20. Types of Lighting LOW KEY LIGHTING:
Created by using only the key & back lights
Produces sharp contrasts of light and dark areas
Deep, distinct shadows/silhouettes are formed

21. Types of Lighting HIGH KEY LIGHTING:
By using more filler lights the lighting is natural and realistic to the viewer
Produces brightly lit sets or a sunny day (right)

28. What type of lighting has been used in these shots and to what effect?
Make sure you also analyse for the mise en scene.

30. TV Dramas use lighting for a variety of different effects
TV Dramas use lighting for a variety of different effects. Use these question to help you consider why certain lightings have been used.

31. Mise en scene is vital in conveying information through ‘visual signifiers’ (things we see on screen). This is how we as the audience extract meaning – connotations…

32. What symbolic meanings are generated by elements of mise en scene?
Signs and symbols in media texts are polysemic which means they are open to many interpretations.

33. Name the genre

37. 2. Lighting and Colour
Lighting can be used to achieve a variety of effects:
To highlight important characters or objects within the frame
To make characters look mysterious by shading sections of the face & body
To reflect a characters mood and emotions and gives key pointers in terms of expectations/indicates genre

38. 2. Types of Lighting LOW KEY LIGHTING:
Created by using only the key & back lights
Produces sharp contrasts of light and dark areas
Deep, distinct shadows/silhouettes are formed
Example: Film Noir/Horror Films

39. 2. Types of Lighting HIGH KEY LIGHTING:
More filler lights are used. Lighting is natural and realistic to our eyes
Produces brightly lit sets or a sunny day (right)
Example: Rom-Coms

40. BACK
LIGHT
FILLER LIGHTS
KEY LIGHT

41. What type of lighting?

42. What type of lighting?

43. What type of lighting?

44. 2. Lighting
Watch the following clip and comment on how lighting influences an audiences response
The Descent - The lighting causes the rocks to close in on you and the claustrophobia so palpable that you may find your breath quickening if you're even breathing at all. The entire second act of the film is a series of tight spaces that constrict the viewer until you almost wonder if you're going to make it. The tons and tons of rock weighing on your chest as Sarah and her friends attempt to wiggle through tiny shaft or cross yawning caverns while hanging by a hand create a ceaselessly plodding sense of dread. By using only these light sources, the director and cinematographer have constructed a set that is utterly believable and terrifying if you have even the slightest aversion to close quarters. After the group enters the caves there is literally no scene that I recall being fully lit in any way. But, just as you think you may be crushed by the unimaginable weight of the earth above you, the women exit into a spacious cavern allowing you and them to breathe again. Except that there are still those shadows everywhere.

45. 3. Actors’ Performance: Facial Expressions & Body Language
Facial Expressions/gestures/movement provide a clear indicator of how someone is feeling
NVC, smiling – signifies they are happy but we may get a different feeling if this is accompanied by scary music
Body Language – signifies how a character feels towards another character or may reflect the state of their relationship

46. TASK: What meanings/emotions do the following images convey: IMAGE 1

47. IMAGE 2

48. IMAGE 3

49. 3. Actors’ Performance
Look at the two performers in the clip below. What elements of their performance create meaning?

50. 4. Proxemics: Positioning of Characters & Objects within a frame
Proxemics (spacial relations), relationship between props, costume, characters, lighting, acting –how they create meaning.
A film-maker can use positioning to indicate relationships between people

51. TASK: What does the positioning in the following images reveal about the characters/film:

52. IMAGE 1 -What does the positioning in the following images reveal about the characters/film:

53. IMAGE 2-What does the positioning in the following images reveal about the characters/film:

54. IMAGE 3 - What does the positioning in the following images reveal about the characters/film:

55. IMAGE 4 -What does the positioning in the following images reveal about the characters/film:

56. Bringing it all together!

57. Now you try!

58. Pride and Prejudice

59. Marvel Avengers Assemble - 2012

60. The Dark Knight

61. Intolerance

62. The Inbetweeners

63. The Hunger Games

64. The Hangover Part II

65. Twilight Saga

66. Fallen Angel

67. Star Trek Intro Darkness - 2012

68. Django Unchained

69. The Conjuring

70. Master Shot

71. Camera Shots - Recap

72. Big Close-Up

73. Close-Up

74. Medium Close-Up

75. Two Shot

76. Deep Focus – Citizen Kane

77. Medium Shot

78. Medium Long-Shot

79. Long Shot

80. Skyfall

81. Editing Clip

82. Jump Cut

83. Mildred Pierce – Mise en Scene and camera shots/framing

84. Groups for research Semiotic group
To consider the terms signifier and signified, connotation and denotation. Explain and show these terms in grammatically correct sentences. Choose an image (could be a poster) and look at iconic, indexical, symbolic signs you can . You can also look at mode of address, polysemic and anchorage of that image.

85. Groups for research Mise en scene
Choose a clip, it could be music video, soap opera, games and analyse the mise en scene. Consider the setting, lighting, props, costume, proxemics, body language.
How does it make the audience feel? Make sure you use correct terms, e.g. signifies, connotes.

86. Groups for research Primary codes Define the terms
Look at primary (NVC, body language, you could consider proxemics, dress codes and colour)
Choose an image (could be poster) and identify primary codes and offer connotations. Indicate what these codes signify to the audience.

87. Groups for research Technical codes Define key terms.
Choose an image, it can be from a film. Try to choose an image that will give you lots to talk about. Consider the types of shot, the position, lighting of the shot and depth of field. Why is shot scale/angle important? Think about emotional response of the audience.

88. Groups for research Sound
Your task is to research sound. Define the key terms, e.g. diegetic and non diegetic.
Find an example and identify the types of sound. You could focus on how music can convey meaning, identify characters, create mood and expectation