1. Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
به نام خدا
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Dr.Radmanesh

2. The factors directly affect cardiac output
(1) the basic level of body metabolism (2) whether the person is exercising (3) the person’s age (4) size of the body
Dr.Radmanesh

3. Cardiac Index
the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.
The normal human being weighing 70 kilograms has a body surface area of about 1.7 square meters,
normal average cardiac index for adults is about 3 L/min/m2 of body surface area.
Dr.Radmanesh

4. Effect of Age on Cardiac Output
Dr.Radmanesh

5. Dr.Radmanesh

6. Role of the Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart
Dr.Radmanesh

7. Effect of Total Peripheral Resistance on the Long-Term Cardiac Output Level
Dr.Radmanesh

8. Ohm’s law
Dr.Radmanesh

9. Dr.Radmanesh

10. Factors That Can Cause Hypereffective Heart
Effect of Nervous Excitation to Increase Heart Pumping.
sympathetic stimulation
parasympathetic inhibition
Increased Pumping Effectiveness Caused by Heart Hypertrophy
A long-term increased workload, but not so much
Dr.Radmanesh

11. Factors That Cause a Hypoeffective Heart
Coronary artery blockage, causing a “heart attack”
Inhibition of nervous excitation of the heart
Pathological factors that cause abnormal heart rhythm or rate of heartbeat
Valvular heart disease
Increased arterial pressure against which the heart must pump, such as in hypertension
Congenital heart disease
Myocarditis
Cardiac hypoxia
Dr.Radmanesh

12. Importance of the Nervous System in Maintaining the Arterial Pressure When the Venous Return and Cardiac Output Increase
Dr.Radmanesh

13. Effect of the Nervous System to Increase the Arterial Pressure During Exercise
Dr.Radmanesh

14. Pathologically High and Pathologically Low Cardiac Outputs
Dr.Radmanesh

15. High Cardiac Output Caused by Reduced Total Peripheral Resistance
Beriberi
Arteriovenous fistula (shunt)
Hyperthyroidism
Anemia
Dr.Radmanesh

16. Low Cardiac Output Decreased Cardiac Output Caused by Cardiac Factors
severe coronary blood vessel blockage and consequent myocardial infarction
severe valvular heart disease
myocarditis
cardiac tamponade
cardiac metabolic derangements
Decrease in Cardiac Output Caused by Non-cardiac Peripheral Factors—Decreased Venous Return
Decreased blood volume
Acute venous dilation
Obstruction of the large veins
Decreased tissue mass, especially decreased skeletal muscle mass.
Dr.Radmanesh

17. Venous Return Curves
Dr.Radmanesh

18. Dr.Radmanesh

19. Effect of Blood Volume on Mean Circulatory Filling Pressure Effect of Sympathetic Nervous Stimulation of the Circulation on Mean Circulatory Filling Pressure
Dr.Radmanesh

20. Effect on the Venous Return Curve of Changes in Mean Systemic Filling Pressure
Dr.Radmanesh

21. “Pressure Gradient for Venous Return”
When This Is Zero, There Is No Venous Return
the greater the difference between the mean systemic filling pressure and the right atrial pressure,
the greater becomes the venous return.
Dr.Radmanesh

22. Effect of Resistance to Venous Return on the Venous Return Curve
Dr.Radmanesh

23. Resistance to Venous Return
VR is venous return
Psf is mean systemic filling pressure
PRA is right atrial pressure
RVR is resistance to venous return
1.4 mm Hg per liter of blood flow.
Dr.Radmanesh

24. Dr.Radmanesh

25. Dr.Radmanesh

26. Effect of Increased Blood Volume on Cardiac Output
Dr.Radmanesh

27. Effect of Sympathetic Stimulation on Cardiac Output
Dr.Radmanesh

28. Effect of Opening a Large Arteriovenous Fistula
Dr.Radmanesh