1. Higher Chemistry Periodicity
NEW LEARNING
Grouping elements by bonding and structure – focus on Titanium
Grouping compounds by bonding and structure.
Periodic trends
REVISION
Elements are the simplest substances and consist of one type of atom.
They are arranged in the Periodic table in increasing atomic number.

2. Starter Task
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3. Starter Task
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4. Starter Task
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5. Lesson 1: The Periodic Table
Today we will learn to
Identify groups in the Periodic Table and predict properties based on elements’ position.
We will do this by
Revising the groups and periods of the table and investigating trends.
We will have succeeded if
We can predict physical/chemical properties of an element from its position.

6. Titanium and the Periodic Table
Due to its reactivity with oxygen and other non metals, resulting in very stable compounds, it was not until 1825 that even impure titanium metal was produced by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius. As chemists gained a better understanding of extraction methods and separation techniques so even more elements were discovered, but there was as yet no method of classifying them.

7. The Periodic Table
On March 6th 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, published his Periodic Table of the Elements. In the years that followed his ideas were modified and new elements were discovered until we arrived at the modern Periodic Table.
The Periodic Table is arranged in rows or periods with elements of increasing atomic number placed in columns or groups depending upon their number of outer electrons and reactivity.

8. The Periodic Table

9. Development of the Periodic Table
Quick revision
Element – simplest substance. Only one type of atom. Cannot be broken down into a simpler substance.
Compound – two or more elements chemically joined together.
Development of the Periodic Table
The periodic table was invented by Dimitri Mendeleev (1869).
He arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass, and noted that their properties were periodic in nature, e.g. Melting point, boiling point and density.
Those elements with similar properties were placed below one another in groups and gaps were left for unknown elements.
The modern periodic table is based on an elements atomic number, and this removed a number of the anomalies in the original version.

10. The Periodic Table
Copy and complete the following table about the properties of the groups:

11. The Periodic Table
Using your data book, copy and complete the following table about some properties of titanium and how it compares to other important metals.
Metal
Melting Point K
Density
Relative Strength
Titanium
900
Aluminium
483
Iron (steel)
531
Copper
220

12. Trends in Physical Properties of the Elements
Melting points and boiling points
Melting points and boiling points depend on the strength of forces which exist between the particles which make up a substance.
Melting points and boiling points show periodic properties. This means that they vary in a regular way or pattern depending on their position in the Periodic Table.

13. Trends in melting and boiling points can also be seen in groups.
Melting points and boiling points of Group 1 metals
The melting and boiling points of the Group 1 elements decrease on descending the group. This is due to a decrease in the forces of attraction between the atoms.

14. Density
The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume, usually in g cm3-1.
In any period of the Periodic Table, density first increases from group 1 to the centre of the period and then decreases again towards group 0.
In any group, density increases down the group as atomic number increases.

15. Titanium and the Periodic Table
With reference to titanium’s density and strength explain why it is a such a useful metal to use in the aerospace industry.
Explain what would be the disadvantages of using steel and copper in the aerospace industry.

16. Starter Activity

17. Lesson 2: Patterns in Metals
Today we will learn to
Explain why Titanium is so difficult to extract and took so long to discover.
We will do this by
Examining the trends in metals and theit oxides.
We will have succeeded if
We can identify the three main ways metals are extracted and why.

18. Patterns in Metals .Using a reducing agent such as carbon monoxide
In previous work on the extraction of metals from their oxides, you will have come across three possible methods that can be used depending upon the reactivity of the metal.
.Heat alone
.Using a reducing agent such as carbon monoxide
.Using electrolysis of a melt
DISCUSS
After discussion with your teacher and others suggest a method for extracting the metal from the following oxides:
.a) Aluminium oxide b) Silver oxide c) Iron oxide

19. Patterns in Metals
Unfortunately due to titanium's highly reactive nature and its ability to absorb oxygen into its structure, making it brittle, none of the above methods can be used to produce titanium directly from its oxide.
Chemists therefore required a better understanding of the Periodic Table, bonding and redox reactions in order to extract this amazing metal on a commercial basis.
NOTES
Briefly describe the three ways that metals can be extracted from their oxides giving specific examples.
Then explain why titanium cannot be extracted from its oxide using any of these three methods.

20. Exit Task
Complete Quick Test 2 in your booklet and we will review as a class. You have 10 minutes!
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21. Answers Quick Test 2 1A. metal; reactive, 1B non-metal; reactive,
1C non-metal; non-reactive.
2a. mercury, b. helium,
c. chlorine, d. nitrogen,
oxygen, f. platinum, gold or silver,
g. carbon (graphite) h. silicon,
i. sodium, j. plutonium, uranium or neptunium
k. einsteinium, l. californium
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