1. Western powers rule southeast Asia

2. Western rivalries for pacific rim lands
Early 19th century
DEIC controls 3000 mile chain of Indonesian islands
European powers begin to challenge each other for control
British establish major trading port in Singapore
French took over Indochina
Germans claimed New Guinea, Marshall Islands, and Solomon islands

3. agriculture Agriculture Perfect for plantation agriculture
Focus on sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas, and pineapple

4. Dutch Seized Melaka from Portuguese
Fought British & Javanese for control of Java
Discovery of oil and tin & desire for more rubber
Expands control over Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali
Ruled whole island chain of Indonesia, then called Dutch East Indies

5. Dutch Large Dutch population on island for management & trade
Create rigid social class system
Dutch Wealthy & educated Indonesians Plantation workers

6. British Need to compete with Dutch
Ideal location- large, sheltered harbor on Singapore
Suez Canal & increased demand for tin and rubber make Singapore one of the world’s busiest ports

7. British Gain colonies Malaysia- large deposits of tin & rubber
Burma- teak and oil
Encourage Chinese worker to immigrate to Malaysia causing Malays to become minority
Conflict between resident Chinese & native Malays remain unresolved today

8. French Active in SE Asia since turn of century
Helped Nguyen dynast rise to power in Vietnam
Emperor Napoleon III invaded southern Vietnam
1840’s anti-Christian emperor
7 French missionaries killed & military intervention demanded
Adds Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam
Becomes known as French Indochina

9. French French Control Try to impose French culture
Direct colonial management filling all important government positions with French
Does not encourage local industry
Rice becomes major export crop
4x as much land was devoted to rice production
Peasants’ consumption of rice decreased due to rice being shipped out of region
Anger sets stage for Vietnamese resistance

10. Colonial impact
Mixed results
Economies grew based on cash crops and goods such as tin and rubber
Roads, harbors, and rail systems linked areas and improved communication and transportation
More benefit for Europeans
Education, health, and sanitation improved
Millions migrated from other Asian areas to work on plantations and mines
Changed cultural and racial makeup of areas
Melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists
Led to racial & religious clashes still seen today

11. Siam maintains independence
King Mongkut
Modernized Siam (present day Thailand)
Lay between British-controlled Burma and French Indochina
Siamese kings skillfully promoted Siam and neutral zone between 2 powers
Started schools, reformed legal systems, reorganized the government
Built railroads & telegraph systems
Ended slavery
Siamese escaped social turmoil, racist treatment, and economic exploitation of colonization

12. U.S. Acquires Pacific Islans
Acquires Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam from Spanish-American War in 1898
Filipino nationalist begin fighting US
Declared independence & established Philippine Republic
US begins struggle with Filipino nationalists & defeats them in 1902
US promises self rule
Built roads, railroads, school systems, and hospitals
US businesses exploit Philippines
Encourage cash crops such as sugar over basic food crops

13. Hawaii US interest in Hawaii begins in 1790s Port on way to SE Asia
Sugar trade begins in 1820s
Establish sugar-cane plantations, importing laborers from China, Japan, & Portugal
Account for 75% of Hawaii’s wealth by 1850s
American sugar planters gaining great political power in Hawaii

14. Hawaii McKinley Tariff Act sets off crisis
Eliminated the tariffs on all sugar entering the US
Sugar from Hawaii no longer cheapest in US
Cut into profits
US leaders push for annexation
Would allow Hawaiian sugar to be sold for greater profits
American producers got an extra 2 cents a pound from US govt

15. hawaii Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii’s only queen and last monarch of Hawaii
Called for new constitution that would increase her power and restore political power of Hawaiians at expense of wealthy planters
American businessmen hatch plot to overthrow Hawaiian monarchy
Queen Liliuokalani removed from power in 1893

16. Hawaii Sanford B. Dole Wealthy plantation owner
Named president of the new Republic of Hawaii in 1894
Asked US to annex Hawaii but he was refused
Annexed 5 years later in 1898