1. Objective 9 Leukocytes Granulocyte Agranulocyte
Normal Values – less than 1% of total blood volume (rememebr the picture of the test tube!)
Adults: 4800 – 10,800 leukocytes /mm3 blood (higher values in newborns, infants and children)
B. Structure:
 are nucleated
 contain organelles
 diameters range from 8 – 24 m
 may contain cytoplasmic granules (agranulocytes vs. granulocytes)
Granulocyte Agranulocyte

2. In what structural ways are leukocytes different than erythrocytes?
In what functional ways are leukocytes different than erythrocytes?
Where do they do their jobs?

3. Diapedesis – leukocytes leave capillary and enter tissue
Chemotaxis – follow chemical signals to site of infection in the tissue

4. Neutrophil (also called a polymorphonuclear cell)
Leukocyte Classes
Granulocytes:
Neutrophil (also called a polymorphonuclear cell)
 diameter = m
 cytoplasmic granules stain pale lavender
 lobed nuclei (3-6 lobes) 
% of total leukocytes: %
Granules contain lysosomal enzymes and defensins
Neutrophils are quick acting phagocytes (1st responders)
They are quick but weak!
Typical Neutrophil
Immature Cell - Band

5. Eosinophil  diameter = 10-14 m
 large granules which stain red (major basic protein)
 bilobed nucleus
 represent 2-4% of the total WBC count
Granules contain digestive enzymes
Are antiparasitic
Phagocytize immune complexes
Anti-allergy

6. Basophil  diameter = 8-10m Granules contain:
 large granules which stain blue
 U or S shaped nucleus
 0.5 – 1% of total WBC
Granules contain:
histamine
which induces inflammation and vasodilation
heparin
an anticoagulant

7. Agranuloctes: lack visible cytoplasmic granules Lymphocyte:
 diameter 5-8 m (small), m (medium) or m (large)
 % of the total WBC count
 large, deep blue or slightly indented nucleus
 thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
T lymphocyte (T cells) fight antigens directly
B lymphocytes (B cells) divide to produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies

8. Monocytes Are phagocytes – slow but strong
 diameter = 18 m  nucleus is U shaped or kidney shaped  abundant pale blue cytoplasm  3 – 8 % of the total WBC
Monocytes
Are phagocytes – slow but strong
Develop into when they migrate into connective tissue
macrophages

9. Leukopoiesis is the production of leukocytes
 all leukocytes can be made in red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts
 lymphocytes can be made in either red bone marrow or lymphoid tissues
 the production of lymphocytes is stimulated by interleukins and by colony stimulating factors (CSFs)

10. Objective 10 White Blood Cell Disorders
circulating WBC count <4000/mm3 blood in adults
increases the susceptibility to infection
causes include bone marrow depression or destruction, often due to drugs, radiation, infection, or autoimmune conditions
circulating WBC count is >11,000/mm3 blood in affected adults; is accompanied by bleeding, weight loss, liver/spleen/lymph node enlargement or immunosupression; suspect primary bone marrow disease
causes include infection, inflammation, malignancy, allergic reactions, autoimmune disorders, genetic disorder, extreme stress, other causes
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis

11. Leukemia Classification:
Cancer in which an excessive number of white blood cells is produced
Classification:
disease progresses rapidly
disease progresses slowly
Myelocytic involves cells in the myeloid pathway
Lymphocytic involves cells in the lymphocytic pathway
Acute
Chronic

12. Causes: cancer in which an abnormally high number of WBCs are produced
Symptoms anemia, fever, bruising/bleeding, bone pain
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

13. Infectious Mononucleosis
B lymphocytes are infected and proliferate in an uncontrolled manner
signs include sore throat, fever, enlarged lymph nodes. Enlarged spleen, lethargy, fatigue
cause:
Epstein Barr Virus

14. Objective 11 Platelets Structure  are cell fragments
 discoid in shape; diameter is 2-4 m
 major internal proteins are actin and myosin
What are actin and myosin used for?
 cytoplasmic storage granules:
 granules contain fibrinogen, factor V, factor VII, von Willibrands factor, platelet factor 4 and PDGF
contain serotonin, Ca2+, adenosine nucleotides (ATP and APD), thromboxane A2 (a prostaglandin)
contraction
dense granules

15. platelets are produced in red bone marrow from megakaryotyctes
Function:
Platelet Production
platelets are produced in red bone marrow from megakaryotyctes
Hemostasis
 Production is regulated by thrombopoietin and interleukins
 Production takes 4-5 days; life span is 5-10 days

16. Average adult values: 150,000-400,000/mm3 blood spleen
An additional 1/3rd is stored in the