1. States of Matter
Chapter 2

2. Section 1: Three States of Matter
What are states of matter?
The States of matter are the physical forms in which a substance can exist
Solid
Liquid
Gas

3. Section 1: Three States of Matter
Particles of matter
Matter is made of small particles called atoms and molecules
Always on the move
How they interact with each other determines their state of matter

4. Section 1: Three States of Matter
What is a solid?
A solid is the state of matter that has a definite shape and volume
Particles smooshed together
Can only vibrate—stuck in place

5. Section 1: Three States of Matter
Types of solids
Crystalline solids have a orderly, 3D arrangement in a repeating pattern
Ice, diamond, iron
Amorphous solids have no special arrangement
Glass, rubber, wax

6. Section 1: Three States of Matter
What is a liquid?
A liquid is the state of matter than has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container
Little space in between particles
Can slide past another

7. Section 1: Three States of Matter
Liquid characteristics
Surface tension is a force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid
Viscosity is a liquid’s resistance to flow

8. Section 1: Three States of Matter
What is a gas?
A gas is the state of matter that has no definite shape or volume
Molecules move super fast
Not really held together at all

9. Section 1: Three States of Matter
State of Matter
Definite Shape?
Definite Volume?
Solid
Liquid
Gas

10. Section 1: Three States of Matter
Section Review
Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet
Describe the properties shared by particles of all matter
Describe three states of matter
Explain the differences between the states of matter

11. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Objectives:
Describe the three factors that affect how gases behave
List the variables involved in Boyle’s law and Charles’s law
Predict how a change in pressure or temperature will affect the volume of a gas

12. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
What factors affect how gases behave?
Temperature
Volume
Pressure

13. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Temperature
Temperature is a measure of how fast the particles in an object are moving
The faster the particles move, the more energy they have
Increase temperature….increase pressure
Increase temperatures…increase volume

14. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Volume
Volume is the amount of space that an object takes up
Volume of a gas depends on its container
Decrease volume…increase pressure…pop!
Increase volume…decrease pressure

15. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Pressure
Pressure is the amount of force exerted on a given area of surface
The more particles…the more pressure

16. Section 2: Behavior of Gases

17. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Gas behavior laws
Boyle’s Law
Involves volume and pressure
Charles’s Law
Involves temperature and volume
Guy-Lussac’s Law
Involves temperature and pressure

18. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Boyle’s Law

19. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Boyle’s Law

20. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
What is Boyle’s Law?
Boyle’s Law states that a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely related to the pressure
Inversely = opposite
So…
As pressure increases, volume decreases
As pressure decreases, volume increases

21. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Charles’s Law

22. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Charles’s Law

23. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
What is Charles’s Law?
Charles’s Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of gas changes in the same way that the temperature changes
So…
As temperature increases, volume increases
As temperature decreases, volume decreases

24. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Guy Lussac’s Law

25. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Guy Lussac’s Law
Volume constant

26. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
What is Guy Lussac’s Law?
Guy Lussac’s Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant volume, the pressure of gas changes in the same way that the temperature changes
So…
As temperature increases, pressure increases
As temperature decreases, pressure decreases

27. Section 2: Behavior of Gases
Section Review
Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet
Describe the three factors that affect how gases behave
List the variables involved in Boyle’s law and Charles’s law
Predict how a change in pressure or temperature will affect the volume of a gas

28. Section 3: Changes of State
Objectives
Describe how energy is involved in changes of state
Identify phase changes as endothermic or exothermic
Describe what happens during melting and freezing
Compare evaporation and condensation
Explain what happens during sublimation and deposition
Identify the two changes that can happen when a substances loses or gains energy
Interpret a phase change(heating curve) diagram

29. Section 3: Changes of State
A change of state is the change of a substance from one physical form to another

30. Section 3: Changes of State
The six changes of state
Melting (SL)
Freezing (LS)
Evaporation (LG)
Condensation (GL)
Sublimation (SG)
Deposition (GS)

31. Section 3: Changes of State
We can either add or remove energy to get changes of state
If we add, we call it endothermic
If we remove, we call it exothermic

32. Section 3: Changes of State
Melting is the change of state from a solid to a liquid
Adding energy to a solid increases its energy
Particles move faster, move away from each other
The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid
Item
Melting temperature (C)
State of matter at room temperature (25C)
Water
0 C
Table salt
801 C
Nitrogen
-210 C…-159C boiling

33. Section 3: Changes of State
Freezing is the change of state from a liquid to a solid
We remove energy—molecules slow down
The freezing point is the temperature at which this happens

34. Section 3: Changes of State
Evaporation is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
We add energy—molecules speed up
Does not have to have bubbles
Can occur just at the surface
Boiling is the change of a liquid to a gas (vapor) throughout the whole liquid

35. Section 3: Changes of State
Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid
We remove energy—molecules slow down
Condensation point is the temperature at which a gas becomes a liquid
Same as boiling point

36. Section 3: Changes of State
Sublimation is the change of state from which a solid changes directly into a gas
We add a LOT of energy—molecules speed up a lot
Dry ice

37. Section 3: Changes of State
Change of temperature versus change of state
When energy is added…
Either the temperature changes
OR the state changes
Not both!

38. Section 3: Changes of State

39. Section 3: Changes of State
When you add heat to a solid…
…the temperature increases until the melting point
You still add heat…
…the temperature stays while the solid melts
You now add heat to a liquid…
…the temperature increases until the boiling point
…the temperature stays while the liquid boils
You now add heat to a gas…
…the temperature will just keep increasing!

40. Section 3: Changes of State

41. Section 3: Changes of State

42. Section 3: Changes of State
State change
Starting state
Ending state
Energy added or removed
Endothermic or exothermic
Melting
Freezing
Evaporation
Condensation
Sublimation
Deposition

43. Section 3: Changes of State
Section Review
Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet
Describe how energy is involved in changes of state
Identify phase changes as endothermic or exothermic
Describe what happens during melting and freezing
Compare evaporation and condensation
Explain what happens during sublimation and deposition
Identify the two changes that can happen when a substances loses or gains energy
Interpret a phase change(heating curve) diagram