1. PIA 2501 Development Policy and Management
Week Eleven: The Governance Debate:
Democracy, Decentralization and the Myth of the Grassroots.

2. The Focus of the Week ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND
DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF NGOs

3. In the Beginning:
A TWO MINUTE HISTORY

4. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Civil society goes beyond the family includes all of the private sphere, referred to as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business

5. “Socio-economic Status and Seniority in the New Jersey Brigade” Civil Society and War 1775

6. Andrew Carnegie ( ) championed the idea of strategic philanthropy: he thought it was better to give people a fishing rod than a fish.

7. Sometimes a Great Notion: start with Human Security

8. Decentralization and Civil Society: A Grassroots Perspective
Governance /
Democracy
NGOs
Women’s Focused
Groups
Target Group
Communication
and
Support
Civic
Education
Rural
Credit
Rural
Industries
Land
Grassroots
Organizations

9. State Societal Linkages
Central State - Macro
Weak
Strong
SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE
State-mezzo Weak
Strong
Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State
Civil Society - Micro
Weak
Strong
Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

10. Civil Society—Our Definition?
Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests

11. The Principle

12. The Goal
Learning Process Model--“incrementalism“- theoretical alternatie
Bottom up and interactive
Village development committees vs. local planning officers
Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage of local level minor networks
Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center

13. Community Dynamics

14. Tie ins to NGOs Development Promotion Micro-Credit
Social Entrepreneurialsim
Nature of the Beast?

15. NGOs- THE NATURE OF THE BEAST

16. Tie In: Rural Development Promotion

17. Types of “Development” NGOs
Income generation Groups
Grassroots associations (local or village based)
Advocacy groups
Sector associations; farm, trade, production

18. Types of “Development” NGOs
Philanthropy vs. Charity
Relief and Welfare Societies
Public Service Contractors
Populist based development agencies (national)

19. NGOs--The Nature of the Beast: Labels
Non-Profits vs. For Profits
Not for Profits- More value directed
Private Voluntary
Organizations (PVOs)
Community Based
Organizations (CBOs)
Foundations

20. Civil Society Structures-1
NGOs, CBOs, (Community Based Orgs.) PVOs (Private Voluntary Organizations: Who do they represent?
Grassroots, interests, not for profits (neutrality)
Groups- Role of ethnicity, religion and class, vs. individual rights

21. NGOs-The Nature of the Beast-2
Civic Associations (Civics)
Interest Groups
Quangos
Trade Unions
Religious Organizations

22. Happy Talk?

23. One View

24. Controversy: International NGOs-
Care
Catholic Relief Services
Save the Children
Amnesty International
Oxfam
International Red Cross

25. Civil Society Structures-The Darker Side
Privatization as an NGO issue (Compete with Private Sector): LEFT WING PRIVATIZATION
Corporatism vs. Clientelism (NGOs vulnerable)
Organic VS. Individualist nature of society (Vincent Ostrom) (Civil Society sometimes seen as collectivist)
Establishing the rule of law
Roman vs. Common Law
What is the role of the individual

26. Five Caveats: NGOs Usually excludes “for profits”
Issue of contractors- both for profits and non-profits
Includes both International and Local
Internationals are not universally loved

27. Not Universally Loved

28. Five Caveats, Cont.
Very often internationals are religious or charity based (Hidden Agenda)
Focus has been primarily on relief rather than development or civil society goals
Part of a Stereotyped World System

29. Annual Meeting of World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (WANGO)

30. Indigenous NGOs: The Problem

31. Goods for Good- A Malawi Based Organization (BUT?) Where’s the Money?

32. NGOs--Areas of Perceived Advantage
Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster- Are NGOs Enough?
NGOs--Areas of Perceived Advantage
Cost-effective
Small but efficient
Innovative
Staff loyalty and commitment

34. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster
NGOs--Perceived Advantage
Ideologically compatible with Development values
Links with poor
Image of populism

35. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster
International NGOs—Weaknesses
Lack of local legitimacy
Donor driven
Inefficiency

36. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster
International NGOs—Weaknesses
Tensions with government institutions
Politically threatening
Ties with existing local elites
Inability of humanitarian organizations to transfer to new development orientation

37. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster
International NGOs—Weaknesses
Amateurism
Leadership and continuity problems
Staffing problems
Self-serving-own objectives
Faith Based

38. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disasters.
International NGOs—Weaknesses
Fixation on projects
Problems of replication
Lack of perceived accountability
Learning problems/lack of institutional memory

39. NGOs and Projects: Lack of Sustainability

40. Projects and Sustainability
Social entrepreneurship The attempt to draw upon business techniques to find solutions to social problems.

41. Social Entrepreneurship

43. Micro-Credit Project in Ethiopia

44. Social Entrepreneurialism: The Popularity of Micro-credit
Ann Dunham- Micro-credit specialist
VIDEO

45. Micro-Credit is currently quite popular

46. State Societal Linkages: Redux
Central State - Macro
Weak
Strong
SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE
Mezzo-Intermediate
State-Weak
Strong
Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State
Civil Society - Micro
Weak
Strong
Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

47. Discussion: DEBATE AND QUESTIONS?