1. Coordination and subordination
Coordination and subordination are ways to rank ideas in sentences.
Coordination makes ideas equal; subordination makes them unequal.

2. ˙A simple sentence has one subject and one predicate.
Simple sentences
˙A simple sentence has one subject and one predicate.
Some simple sentences consist merely of a single noun and a single verb.
Ex: Millicent shouted.
˙Others can include elements such as compound subjects, compound verbs,
direct object, indirect object, and subject complements.
Ex: Jim and Sue have bought a car.
Ex: Autumn is a sad season.
˙Most simple sentences are rather short and easy to understand.
Ex: The audience was young and friendly. It was responsive. It cheered for each speaker.
˙Combined into a single simple sentence,
the information is easier to follow and more interesting to read.
Ex: The young, friendly, responsive audience cheered for each speaker.

3. ˙A compound sentence contains two or more independent clause,
Compound sentences
˙A compound sentence contains two or more independent clause,
each holding the same (coordinate) rank.
As a result, the idea in the first clause receives the same emphasis as idea in the second.
˙In some cases, a comma and a coordinating conjunction
(and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so) link successive clauses.
Ex: The audience was young, friendly, and responsive, so it cheered for each speaker.
˙In others, a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb
(for example, however, in fact, likewise, meanwhile, instead, and the like)
furnish the connection.
Ex: Tod wants to see the play; in fact, he’s talked about it for weeks.
˙Finally, a writer may omit any connecting word and separate the clauses with a semicolon.
Ex: The sky grew pitch black; the wind died; and ominous quiet hung over the whole city.

4. Ex: While I watered the grass, I discussed stock options with Liz.
Complex sentences
˙A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
Ex: Because the young, friendly audience was responsive, it cheered for each speaker.
˙Unlike compound sentences, complex ones allow writers to vary the emphasis of ideas.
Ex: While I watered the grass, I discussed stock options with Liz.
I watered the grass while I discussed stock option with Liz.
(The first sentence emphasizes the talk with Liz, the second watering the lawn. )
˙Often, shifting emphasis allows a writer to change the meaning of a sentence.
Ex: While his bicycle was damaged, Pat walked to work.
While Pat walked to work, his bicycle was damaged.
˙ Furthermore, complex sentences signal how ideas relate.
Note the various relationships in the following sentences:
Ex: Because she was swimming well, Millicent did 200 laps today. (reason)
Ex: The sears Tower is taller than the Empire State Building. (extent)
Ex: Ms. Yoshira is the executive for whom I am working. (relationship between persons)

5. Compound-Complex Sentences
˙This type of sentence features two or more independent clause
and one or more dependent clauses.
Ex: Ms. Harris works as an investment manager, and Mr. Williams,
who lives next door to her, owns a jewelry store.
˙Compound-complex sentences allow writers to present more intricate relationships
than do other kinds of sentences.
Ex: Mary hated to be seen in ugly clothing, but she wore an ugly dress with red polka dot.
She had received the dress as a Christmas present. Her Aunt Ida had given it to her.
→Mary hated to be seen in ugly clothing; nevertheless,
she wore an ugly red polka dot dress that her Aunt Ida had given her for Christmas.