1. Pop Quiz! 0. Who is the portrait of in the next slide?

2. Modern China

3. Modern China
Analyze the impact of geography, history, and imperialism on China today
Evaluate the most effective way for the U. S. to approach China in the future

4. Revolution in China
© Student Handouts, Inc.

5. China: Physical Geography

6. China: Physical Geography
What can you tell about China just by looking at it?
Where will the invasions come from?
Where will you build cities?
Who will your enemies be?
What are your natural barriers?

7. The Dynastic Cycle The Mandate of Heaven
Is this a solid system?
1. What are the strengths of this system?
2. What problems might arise?

8. Chinese Dynasties Song (to the tune of "Frere Jacques”)
 Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han  Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han  Sui, Tang, Song  Sui, Tang, Song  Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic  Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic  Mao and Deng  Mao and Deng

9. Manchuria and the Qing Dynasty

10. End of the Qing Dynasty Ming 1300s-1600s Qing 1600s-1911
FORBIDEN CITY- Beginning of the Qing Dynasty
overview
SUMMER PALACE- Empress Dowager & End of the Qing

11. The British want to trade with the dynasties
Treaty of Nanking
Gives all power of trade to foreign influence
Treaty made by the British
Empire feels forced to sign the treaty
Trade must be under British law
Everything under British law
Hong Kong given to the British
Opium Wars
Opium Wars

12. Fall of the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)
De facto Chinese monarch ( ) (she was a concubine who had the only son)
Golden chopsticks
Bought a summer palace with the money for the Navy
Anti-foreign
HOWEVER, foreign influences were the only way for her to keep her power
Blamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China
Many see her as the reason for the end of the dynasties in China
Fall of the Qing

13. Pop Quiz! Name the first dynasty of China.
Name the last dynasty of China.
Describe two significant accomplishments and/or failures of the Ming dynasty.
Where were Qing royalty from?
Where did Qing leaders live (name two places).
This country forced China to buy this product, which was legal one place and illegal the other.
What are the two main rivers in China?

14. Pop Quiz, answers! Name the first dynasty of China.
Shang
Name the last dynasty of China.
Qing
Describe two significant accomplishments and/or failures of the Ming dynasty.
Built huge naval fleet, destroyed it.
Added to Great Wall, which didn’t stop invaders.

15. Pop Quiz, answers! 4. Where were Qing royalty from? Manchuria
5. Where did Qing leaders live (name two places).
Forbidden City
Summer Palace
6. This country forced China to buy this product, which was legal one place and illegal the other.
England, Opium
7. What are the two main rivers in China?
Yangtze
Yellow

16. Boxer Rebellion Boxers: Goals: Peasants Displaced workers and peasants
“Society of Glorious and Harmonious Fists”
Goals:
Get rid of foreign influence
Qing Dynasty (Manchurian ethnic group) is foreign to the Boxers, therefore get rid of them too
Restore the Ming Dynasty because this is when the Han (ethnic group) ruled
Boxer Rebellion

17. Kuomintang Revolution (1912)
Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)
Founded Kuomintang (KMT) – Nationalist party
Overthrew Qing dynasty
Established a republic
President of Chinese Republic
Pro-democracy
Pro-republican form of government
Pro-western ideas (but wants to maintain Chinese sovereignty)
Democracy can help China!
Kuomintang Revolution (1912)
Kuomintang symbol

18. Three Principles of the People
Kuomintang
Principle of Mínquán
Democracy – the people are sovereign
Principle of Mínzú
Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism
Principle of Mínshēng
Social Reforms– economic development, industrialization, modernized, technology and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism
China is so far behind in technology at this point
Want to compete with the rest of the world

19. Kuomintang: Weaknesses
Disunity (2 PROBLEMS):
1. Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control
Greedy warlords who think the disunity will help them gain power
2. Wars raged between 1912 and 1928
Nationalists vs. Communists
Also, poor transportation
1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track
225,000 miles in the United States
Few decent roads

20. The Kuomintang (KMT) is Split
Right wing
Business people
Politicians
Left wing
Communists
Intellectuals
Radicals
Students

21. Chiang Kai-shek Supports KMT and Sun Yat-Sen
1927 becomes commander and chief of the KMT army
Puts down Warlords
Finally unifies the country
Later starts war with Chinese Communist Party
Possible anecdote: The Kuomintang changed the name of Peking/Beijing to Peiping (or Beiping) in 1928.
Chiang Kai-shek

22. Civil War in China
and – war between Communists and Nationalists
Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek
War halted and to fight Japanese aggression before and during WWII

23. Foreign Imperialists-- Japan
World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles
Therefore border conflicts with Japan and China
Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate (they did so with Korea)
Action condemned and stopped by other leading world powers
Foreign Imperialists-- Japan

24. Nationalists and Communists now fought TOGETHER against Japan
July 1937 Japan takes over North China and moves toward Beijing
Japan takes over Nanking
300,000 people die
Disastrous
Level the city
Japanese have superior “everything” because they used Western technology
Nanking Massacre
Who can save China?
Rape of Nanking

25. Mao Zedong (Communist leader) gains support for the communist fight
Kai-Shek wants to eliminate communists out of Kuomintang
Ends up gaining supporters for communists… oops
Communists march out of city to farmland
100,000 started (many deaths along the way)
30,000 left
Long March

26. Civil War in China
Communists and Nationalists resumed war after fighting Japan
Communists were victorious in 1949
Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan) (across Formosa Straight)

27. Suggestion for processing: Graph the following using information from the PP
Foreign Influence
Timeline

28. March of Communism
What has happened?
What are your predictions?

29. Communists in Control – 1949
Many Kuomintang converted to Communists
Manchuria – taken over by Communists in 1948
Japan had can control of it
December, Communists in control
Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)
Communists in Control – 1949

30. Geographical Changes Communist China gained control over: Chinese
Turkestan (Xinjiang)
Inner Mongolia
Manchuria
Tibet
(Later Taiwan)
Geographical Changes
PRC = People’s Repblic of China (Communists) / ROC = Republic of China (Nationalists)

31. Political Changes under Mao
Communist government on mainland China
Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
Chairman Mao – chairman of the Communist party and leader of China –
Political Changes under Mao
Possible anecdote: Other men served as chairman of the republic (as opposed to both the party and the republic) as well as premier, but Mao was the de facto leader of China until his death in 1976.

32. Economic Changes under Mao
First Five-Year Plan ( )
Advances in agriculture and coal, electricity, iron, and steel production
Second Five-Year Plan ( )
“Great Leap Forward”
China became a leading industrial country
Peasants organized into communes
Widespread catastrophe – famine – at least 14 million deaths (maybe even 40 million)
Not recorded because Mao tells everyone of the glories of communism
Melt down pots and pans for medal (meet quotas)
Nothing to cook or farm with
Lie in order to meet demands, sell off too much food
Uneducated, bad harvest
Students in China are not this history
Economic Changes under Mao
Note: Chairman Mao’s role as China’s leader became less significant following the failure of the Great Leap Forward.

33. Cultural Revolution (1966-1969)
“Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”
Most groups (anti-communist or anti-Mao) destroyed
Educated…killed
Buddhist…killed
Pro-dynasties…killed
Own Books…killed
Mao hater…killed
Effort to revive interest in Mao’s ideas (and for Mao to regain power) after the failed Great Leap Forward
Mao claimed that reactionary bourgeoisie elements were taking over the party
Call for youths to engage in post-revolutionary class warfare
Red Guards (consisting of young people) marched throughout China
Older alleged reactionaries removed from positions of power
Cultural Revolution ( )

34. 4 OLDS
Old Customs
Old Traditions
Old Habits
Old Ideas

35. Red Guards Teenagers who have been indoctrinated
Believed they have been inspired
Youth completely manipulated by adults
Force people to believe in Mao
Red Guards start fighting each other because each Red Guard group believe they are better Maoists
Gang warfare
Red Guards

36. Mao’s Little Red Book
The Chinese Communist Party is the core of the Chinese revolution, and its principles are based on Marxism-Leninism. Party criticism should be carried out within the Party.
The revolution, and the recognition of class and class struggle, are necessary for peasants and the Chinese people to overcome both domestic and foreign enemy elements. This is not a simple, clean, or quick struggle.
War is a continuation of politics, and there are at least two types: just (progressive) and unjust wars, which only serve bourgeois interests. While no one likes war, we must remain ready to wage just wars against imperialist agitations.
Note: Mao’s Quotations were published by the Chinese government from 1964 to 1976.

37. Mao’s Little Red Book
Fighting is unpleasant, and the people of China would prefer not to do it at all. At the same time, they stand ready to wage a just struggle of self-preservation against reactionary elements, both foreign and domestic.
China's road to modernization will be built on the principles of diligence and frugality. Nor will it be legitimate to relax if, 50 years later, modernization is realized on a mass scale.
A communist must be selfless, with the interests of the masses at heart. He must also possess a largeness of mind, as well as a practical, far-sighted mindset.
Women represent a great productive force in China, and equality among the sexes is one of the goals of communism. The multiple burdens which women must shoulder are to be eased.

38. CULTURAL CLEANSING
“Look. This is called the Good Fortune Photo Studio. Doesn’t that mean to make a lot of money, just like Great Prosperity Market? Chairman Mao told us that was exploitation. Don’t you think this is fourolds?”
“Right. We should change it to the Proletarian Photo Studio”
“We had often been sorry that we were too young to have fought with Chairman Mao against the Japanese invaders; against the dictator Chiang Kai-Shek, who ruthlessly oppressed the Chinese people…”

39. Tiananmen Square Youth occupy Tiananmen Square as a sit-down protest
For freedom
Not necessarily against government
Goal: want slightly more democracy
Youth occupy Square in April 1989
June forced to disperse
June 3-4 night of massacre
5,000 people die
The reason we know about it is because there were foreign journalists there who were protected by the protesters
Many died in order to protect journalists
China is forced to loosen up

40. This happened during Tiananmen Square
Tank Man
This happened during Tiananmen Square

41. Today China Warns Foreign Media Not to Cover Protest (NPR)
“ Chinese police are further intensifying pressure on foreign reporters, warning them to stay away from spots designated for Middle East-inspired protests and threatening them with expulsion or a revoking of their credentials.”
Love-hate relationship with foreign travelers

42. Next, China today …

43. Review Questions Which group led the Republican Revolution of 1912?
What common enemy united the Nationalists and Communists?
Who led the Communist Revolution?
Describe the Great Leap Forward.
Describe the Cultural Revolution.
What issues face China today?