2. Chapter 2
The People Business

3. Learning Outcomes
Explain the principles and theories of human development.
Describe Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs and give an example of how human services workers use this information when working with people.
Assess resources people use to meet their needs.
continued

4. Learning Outcomes
Describe how economic and employment changes can affect how people meet their needs.
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5. The People Business
Human services is referred to as “the people business” because human services workers
share a common goal of helping people
help people of all ages and from all walks of life
To effectively help people, human services workers need to understand
human development
people’s basic needs throughout the lifespan

6. Warm-Up What are the basic human needs?
Why do human services workers need to understand basic human needs throughout the lifespan to effectively help people?
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7. Human Development
Human development is the gradual process in which people change from birth through adulthood
Physical development
Cognitive development (part of cognitive development involves moral development)
Social-emotional development

8. Development Principles
Four basic guidelines can be established when considering principles of human development
Human development is relatively orderly
Human development takes place gradually
Human development is interrelated
Human development varies among individuals

9. Did You Know?
Both heredity and environment influence development, which causes individual variations in developmental characteristics
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10. Human Development Theories
Developmental theories are comprehensive explanations about why people act and behave the way they do and how they change over time
Researchers and scientists
observe people
perform experiments
draw conclusions
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11. Psychoanalytic Theory
Analyze the symbolic meaning behind behaviors
Often believe that early life experiences are important in development
Two psychoanalytic theorists were
Sigmund Freud
Erik Erikson
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12. Freud’s Theory Focused on early life experiences
Believed that what happens early in life affects a person for years to come
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13. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Believed that both early and later life experiences affect development
Believed that development is a social process
Theorized that all humans develop in eight psychosocial development stages
In each stage, people must successfully resolve a psychological and/or social conflict
Unsuccessful resolution of a conflict will affect future stages of development

14. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Trust versus mistrust
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Initiative versus guilt
Industry versus inferiority
Identity versus identity confusion
Intimacy versus isolation
Generativity versus stagnation
Integrity versus despair

15. Cognitive Theory
Ideas about how people process information, think, and learn
Seek to explain the differences in how people think throughout the stages of life
Look for explanations of how cognition changes throughout the lifespan
Cognitive theorists include Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Lawrence Kohlberg

16. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
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17. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Social and cultural environment shapes human cognitive development
Cognitive development occurs because humans interact with other people, not just objects
Children develop their minds through interactions with parents, teachers, and other informed people

18. Think Further
Imagine you really need a medication, but do not have enough money to pay the pharmacy.
Would you steal the medicine from the pharmacy?
What if it is a matter of life and death?
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19. Kohlberg’s Theory
Kohlberg believed that there are three levels of moral decisions
Level 1—children make decisions based on whether or not they will be punished or rewarded
Level 2—older children and youth make moral decisions that are motivated by laws and how they might be perceived
Level 3—teens and many adults make moral decisions based on principles such as justice

20. Behaviorism
Belief that people’s behavior is determined by forces in the environment beyond their control
Ivan Pavlov—demonstrated the idea through his infamous experiment with a dog
Termed classical conditioning
B.F. Skinner—identified the basic principle of operant conditioning
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21. Social Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura believed that people are much more complex than Pavlov’s dog
People watch and imitate other people’s behaviors
Reactions to rewards and punishments are filtered by perceptions, thoughts, and motivations
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22. Think Further Which theories do you think are most valid?
How do human services workers apply these developmental theories to help clients?
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23. Human Needs
Abraham Maslow theorized that all people have the same basic needs to survive
Maslow’s theory identifies people’s needs in a hierarchy, called the Hierarchy of Human Needs
People’s most basic needs (physical needs) are the first priority
Once physical needs are met, people can work toward meeting higher-level needs

24. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs5 4 3 2 1
Self-actualization
All needs have been fulfilled to some degree
Esteem
Need to be liked and respected
Love and acceptance
Need for support, assurance, praise, acceptance
Safety and security
Need to feel safe in surroundings
Physical needs
Air, water, food, clothing, shelter, medical care

25. Did You Know? The need for self-actualization is a lifelong process
According to Maslow, people cannot begin to reach this need until at least partially fulfilling other needs
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26. How People Meet Their Needs
People use and manage resources
Money
Time
Energy
Knowledge
Other people
Skills

27. Standard of Living
A person or family’s standard of living is a measure of the wealth, comforts, and material goods available to them
Many people aspire to meet a higher standard of living
If this standard is out of reach, stress, frustration, and unhappiness can result

28. Economic Changes Economic changes generally fall into three categories
Recession
Recovery
Expansion

29. Employment Changes Paid work Job loss Provides financial security
Improves skills
Offers chances to advance in careers
Gives opportunities to earn higher pay
Contributes to family’s sense of identity
Job loss
Affects financial stability
Causes difficulty trying to meet needs
Affects self-esteem or self-worth
Affects a person’s sense of place in the community

30. Review
Why is the human services profession referred to as the “people business”?
human services workers share a common goal of helping people and they help people of all ages and from all walks of life
List the three major areas of human development, and identify which area involves moral development.
physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development; cognitive development
continued

31. Review
What are four guidelines when considering principles of human development?
relatively orderly, takes place gradually, is interrelated, and varies among individuals
What are developmental theories?
comprehensive explanations about why people act and behave the way they do and how they change over time
continued

32. Review
List the five needs identified in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs in order of importance.
physical needs, safety and security, love and acceptance, esteem, and self-actualization
What are the three categories of economic changes?
recession, recovery, and expansion