1. AP® Human Geography - Unit 3: Cultural Geography Part 2: Language
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2. Intro to Culture *
Concepts of Culture
Schools of Thought
Cultural Hearths
Cultural Diffusion
Acculturation
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Cultural Differences
Popular and Folk Culture *
Folk Culture
Popular Culture
Cultural Landscapes and Identity
Language
Intro to Language
Language families, Languages, and dialects.
Language Barriers
Toponymy
Religion *
Intro to Religion
Universalizing Religions
Ethnic Religions
Spatial Impact of Religions
* You can find part one of AP® Human Geography: Unit 3 at Part 3 will be available soon!

3. Unit 3: Part 2 Outline Intro to Language Indo-European
The English Language

4. Part 1: Intro to Language

5. Introduction to Language Linguistic Geography Categorizing Language

6. Section A: What is Language

7. Language is a system of communication that uses signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds to communicate thoughts, feelings, and ideas.

8. What is the purpose of language?

9. Gives us the ability to communicate.

10. Allows us to teach new skills.

11. Provides us tools to transmit culture.

12. Create a context-sentence using the following words: Language, Diffusion, Culture

13. Is this Language?

14. Is this Language?

15. Is this Language?

16. How do languages differ?

17. Differences In Language
Writing Direction
Alphabets
Allowable Sounds
Grammar

18. Section B: Linguistic Geography

19. What is Linguistic Geography?

20. Linguistic Geography is the study of speech areas and their local variations.

21. Interesting Facts about Language:

22. There are an estimated 7,100 languages spoken in the world.
Source: The CIA Factbook, 2013
There are an estimated 7,100 languages spoken in the world.

23. Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish are the mother tongue or second language of about half of the world's population

24. Approximately 80% of languages are spoken by less than 100,000 people.

25. Approximately 50 languages are only spoken by one person.

26. How do we track the history of language?

27. We track languages by looking at language divergence and convergence.
Spatial Interaction between speakers break down causing new words to develop. British/Americans
Language breaks into dialects and then into new tongues.
Language Convergence
Two languages become one because of close spatial interaction.
This can also cause Language extinction
We track languages by looking at language divergence and convergence.

28. We can tell what languages played part in the development of others.
Latin: Crux
Albanian: kryq
Aromanian: crutse
Catalan: creu
Dalmatian: crauc
English: crux, crucial
French: croix
Galician: cruz
German: Kreuz
Italian: croce
Occitan: crotz
Old Portuguese: cruz
Portuguese: cruz
Romanian: cruce
Romansch: crusch, crousch
Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi
Serbo-Croatian: krȋž / кри̑ж
Spanish: cruz
Venetian: cróxe
We can tell what languages played part in the development of others.

29. Section C: Categorizing Language

30. How do we categorize languages?

31. Language Families
Languages with a shared, but fairly distant origin.
Languages
Culturally Defined.
Standard Languages are those recognized by people for use in schools, government, media, and general use.
Dialects
Regional Variants of a Standard Language.

32. What does the map above reveal about the diffusion of language?

33. Language families by speakers.
Language Family Approx. # of Speakers % of Pop
1. Indo-European billion %
2. Sino-Tibetan billion %
3. Niger-Congo million %
4. Afro-Asiatic million %
5. Austronesian million %
6. Dravidian million %
7. Altaic million %
8. Japanese million %
9. Austro-Asiatic million %
10. Tai-Kadai 78 million %

34. List the following languages in order of greatest to least based on number of native speakers: Arabic, Bengali, English, Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Standard German

35. Commonly spoken languages by native speakers.
Language % of Pop
1. Mandarin Chinese %
2. Spanish %
3. English %
4. Arabic %
5. Hindi %
6. Bengali %
7. Portuguese %
8. Russian %
9. Japanese %
10. Standard German %

36. Part 2: Indo-European

37. The Indo-Iranian Branch
Indo European
What is Indo European
The Indo-Iranian Branch
The European Branch

38. Section A: What is Indo European?

39. Indo-European is the language family spoken by 46% of the world’s population.

40. Where did Indo-European originate?

41. Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis
Developed by Colin Renfew
Also called the “Renfew Hypothesis”
Indo-European started in the Fertile Crescent.
Language diffused peacefully through agricultural trade.

42. Kurgan Migration Nomadic Warrior Thesis Developed by Marinja Gimbutas
Also called the “Conquest Theory”
Indo-European began in the vicinity of Russia.
Kurgan Warriors brought the language with them as they conquered other areas.

43. Section B: The Indo-Iranian Branch

44. Indo-Iranian
Indic:
Hindi
15 Others
Iranian
Farsi
Pashto
Kurdish

45. The Iranian Languages Green - Farsi Purple – Pashto
Turquoise – Kurdish
Red – Lurish
Yellow - Baloch
The Iranian Languages

46. The Indian Languages

47. Hypothesize: Why would people in the same country speak so many different languages?

48. What is Linguistic Fragmentation?

49. Linguistic Fragmentation occurs when people in a country speak many different languages. This is often caused by physical or cultural barriers.

50. Papua, New Guinea has over 850 languages making it the most linguistically diverse place on earth.

51. Predict: How would people in a linguistically diverse country have a central government?

52. Many countries that experience linguistic fragmentation also have an official language. India’s official language is English.

53. What is an official language?

54. An official language is the language used by the government when making laws, reports, public objects, money, and stamps.

55. Why would India’s official language be English?
Answer: Colonization by England

56. An official language is not always the majority language of an area.
Example: New Zealand’s Official Language is only spoken by 5% of the Population

57. Example: Switzerland has Four: German, French, Italian, and Romansch
Some countries have more than one official language.
Example: Switzerland has Four: German, French, Italian, and Romansch

58. Section B: The European Branch

59. Romance Languages
French
Spanish
Italian
Romanian
Portuguese
Germanic Languages
English,
German,
Danish,
Norwegian
Swedish
Slavic Languages
Russian
Polish
Czech
Ukrainian
Slovenian
Serbo-Croatian

60. Basque is a language isolate.

61. What is a language isolate?

62. They are like a language family of only one language.
A language isolate is a language that is not related to any other language around it.
They are like a language family of only one language.

63. Part 3: The English Language

64. English as a Global Lingua Franca
The English Language
The Origins of English
Diffusion of English
American English
English as a Global Lingua Franca
Toponymy

65. Section A: The Origins of English

66. Review: What language family and language branch is English a part of?

67. The Origins of the English Language

68. Where did English come from?
Germanic Tribes
Latin
Old Norse
Norman French
Celtic Tribes
Where did English come from?

69. Old English Middle English Modern English 450CE-1100CE

70. The Lord’s Prayer in Old English
Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum; Si þin nama gehalgod to becume þin rice gewurþe ðin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofonum. urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soþlice

71. The Lord’s Prayer in Middle English
Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halewid be thi name; thi kyndoom come to; be thi wille don in erthe as in heuene: gyue to us this dai oure breed ouer othir substaunce; and forgyue to us oure dettis, as we forgyuen to oure gettouris; and lede us not in to temptacioun, but delyuere us fro yuel.

72. Section B: The Diffusion of English

73. Map of Great Britain and its Colonies

74. Connect: What types of diffusion may explain the movement of English from place to place. Explain.

75. The Diffusion of English
Britain
British Colonies
United States
United States Annexes (Philippines)
The Diffusion of English

76. Hypothesize: Does English sound the same wherever it is spoken?

77. The English Language: Dialects

78. What is a dialect?

79. A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

80. Section C: American English

81. Differences between British and American English
Vocabulary
Different because settlers in America encountered new objects, animals, etcetera.
New animals, for example, were given Native American Names.
As new inventions appeared they received different names.
Spelling
Spelling diverged from a strong national American Identity.
Webster, an American dictionary publisher had an American agenda
Pronunciation
Largely explained by distance and time.

82. Engage: How does the English language differ within the United States?

84. What is an isogloss?

85. An isogloss is a geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.

86. Isoglosses in the United States

87. East Coast Isoglosses
Northern
Midlands
Southern

88. Predict: How has Mass Media and the Internet affected the English language?

89. Section D: English as a Global Lingua Franca

90. What is a Lingua Franca?

91. A Lingua Franca is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing an original language.

92. Predict: What systems of communication are largely dominated by English?

93. Systems that Use English
The Internet
ESL
Global Commerce

94. Countries with English as their official or dominant language.

95. Many areas do not learn full English but a Pidgin.

96. What is a pidgin?

97. A Pidgin is a simplified version of a language.

98. Debate: Would text-speak be considered a Pidgin?

99. A pidgin that becomes the major language of a people is called a creole language.

100. Section D: Toponymy

101. What is toponymy?

102. Toponymy is the study of place names
Toponymy is the study of place names. It can often show us historical concepts long after the event has happened or person has died.

103. Toponyms can show us: The History of a Place The Culture of a People
Colonization
Most Brazilian Toponyms are Portuguese
French Toponyms in Louisiana
The Culture of a People
George Washington Bridge,
Martin Luther King Blvd,
Jacksonville, Florida

104. Descriptive Toponyms -
The Rocky Mountains

105. Associative Toponyms -
Pensacola Beach, Florida

106. Commemorative Toponyms -
New York City, New York

107. Manufactured Toponyms -
Truth and Consequences, New Mexico

108. Incident Toponyms -
Battle Creek, Michigan

109. Possessive Toponyms -
Johnson City, Texas

110. End of Unit 3: Part 2
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