1. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF ACADEMIC SCIENCE:
ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES
J. Lodos
Chemistry Faculty, Havana University
Cuban Sugar Corporation AZCUBA

2. Characteristics of today´s Chemistry?
FIRST QUESTION:
Characteristics of today´s Chemistry?

3. NOBEL PRIZES IN CHEMISTRY%
100 90 80
Two or more authors 70 60 50
Several Sciences 40 30
Application 20
Several Chemistries 10

4. SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF NOBEL PRIZES IN CHEMISTRY
1981-
One author
84%
62%
31%
One Chemistry
85%
55%
30%
One Science
80%
70%
45%
Degree of application
14%
Synthesis
Polymers
60%
1981-: Instruments, materials & biosciences
Since 1990 all Nobel Prizes in Economy were applied, 70% went to several authors and 80% incorporated other Sciences

5. NOBEL PRIZES IN CHEMISTRY
Eminent
Horizontal &
Vertical Team:
Several Chemistries & Sciences &
Speed-up way from lab to
end-user)
Horizontal
Team:
Several Chemistries & Sciences
Chemists

6. UNIVERSITY RESEARCH IN USA
University Science is the main contributor to progress because it generates education, knowledge and ideas but also wealth for the Society and for the Universities.
There is a tendency between the increase of granted patents and the increase of the staff percentage of part—time professors arriving from or going to industry.

7. BUSINESS IN US UNIVERSITIES
Source: NSF and AUTM
Patents
Start-up companies
4000
800
3000
600
2000
400
1000
200
Year

8. LICENSES INCOME IN US UNIVERSITIES 483 licenses containing equity
Million US
3000
Total Royalties
2000
483 licenses containing equity
1000
Year

9. CUBAN WAY
One of the Cuban alternatives to horizontal and vertical integration is the “Close Loop Organizations” as CIM and CIGB.
In my opinion, application must be regarded as an academic merit. This is reflected in the increasing number of relevant scientists introducing their own results as members of boards of associated enterprises.

10. Are our chemists prepared for horizontal and vertical integration?
SECOND QUESTION:
Are our chemists prepared for horizontal and vertical integration?
Are we preparing our students for horizontal and vertical integration?
Are we prepared for that?

11. UNIVERSITY AND TODAY’S CHEMISTRY
Once characteristics are identified, the goal of Chemistry Faculties should be to prepare chemists that could assimilate them.
But in many Latin American universities, Chemistry is taught in a “precedent” way: complexity is added thru the years.
Individual intra-Faculty work prevails over collective, extra-Faculty and vertical work.

12. ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATION
Integration implies to strengthen collective work and it adds individual capabilities.
Vertical integration is needed to speed-up introduction. Team composition must include specialists from different Sciences.
We must learn to find our place in it.
Team leader is not anymore a coordinator of scientific activities only. Additionally, he has to be a manager for the introduction of results, eventually a more important task.

13. FAILURES OF INTEGRATION
Collective work demands a higher level of coordination, individual tasks and friendly working environment. This is not always achieved. Chemist did not learn to be part of teams and experiences difficulties in it.
Many university structures do not facilitate integration. Opportunities are lost to carry out market and feasibility studies (Faculty of Economy), or scaling-up a process (Engineering Faculty), or designing a brand (Public Relation Faculty). Chemists are not prepared to assimilate or lead them.

14. UNIVERSITY AND INDUSTRY
Faculties expect that industry will accept their results no matter its “finishing”.
University expects the industry to provide horizontal integration as market and feasibility studies and field tests, and to assimilate 100% vertical integration as pilot production, scale up and commercial tests.
But, frequently industry feels the product has a low degree of integration and its development is costly and risky. It rejects it.

15. CONCLUSIONS
University has to promote the interrelation
with other Sciences.
University has to emphasize successful
experiences of vertical integration.
University has to attract successful
chemists as part-time lecturers.
University has to promote professors
going to industry part-time.
Staff´s scientific research has to be linked
in some way to application.
Introduction must be considered as a
significant academic merit in evaluation.