1. Stuck in the Middle with You
Sedimentary Rock

2. How does sedimentary rock form?
Fact:
Even though the Earth’s crust consists of primarily igneous rock, most of the Earth’s crust is covered in sedimentary rock.

3. What’s the tallest mountain on Earth?
29, 028 feet

4. Actually, it’s in Nepal…and the mountains are getting smaller.

5. Where is Nepal?

6. Rocks break into pieces or fragments.
Pebbles
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
The breaking of rock is called…

7. I thought it was “Sprinkles.”
Weathering.
I thought it was “Sprinkles.”

8. So these are all agents of …
These various size fragments get carried by many different means including
Water
Wind
Gravity
Glaciers
So these are all agents of …

9. EROSION!

10. When the fragments (or sediments) collect,
They get buried.
Over time, more sediments get added, forming layers of rock that are tightly packed.
The laying down of these rock layers is called…

11. Deposition, of course!

12. Mt. Everest is getting bigger and smaller at the same time. Huh?
Sir Edmund Hillary
(left), New Zealander,
May 1953
Video: biography 2008

13. Definition: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Rock that is formed from hardened sediment
COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION
These processes result in lithification.

14. Lith means…
ROCK

15. Textures
The major textures, clastic and nonclastic (chemical and organic) are categorized by the way they form and by their distinctive features.

16. How does sedimentary rock form?
Sedimentary rocks are formed of layers of materials that have washed into lakes, rivers, and the ocean.
Sedimentary rocks form strata (LAYERS)
Sometimes these layers are tilted by earth movements.
ONLY sedimentary rocks contain fossils

17. How do geologists classify sedimentary rock?
More important than composition or texture is THE WAY SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORM.
The form by
1. the cementing of compacted sediment.
2. crystallizing out of water.
3. forming from the remains of plants and animals.

19. The 3 Major Types
1. Clastic (detrital) rocks form from bits and pieces of other rocks.
2. Chemical rocks consist of minerals deposited from a solution.
3. Organic rocks consist of organic matter such as plants and animal remains.

20. Clastically-Formed Sedimentary Rocks
Weathering and erosion by rivers, ice, & wind, carry sediment down to the sea level… (BASE LEVEL)
Pebbles, sand, silt, and clay collect on the beach or continental shelf.

22. Let’s look at how sediments are sorted, deposited, and made into new sedimentary rock. Click here.

23. Later on, I’m gonna tell these kids a ghost story and make them pee their pants!

24. Clastically-Formed Sedimentary Rocks
Dees rocks are purdy, huh???

25. These are CLASTIC!!! Conglomerate Sandstone Shale
Cementation of pebble and gravel forms conglomerate.
Conglomerate looks like concrete.
Sandstone
Sandstone forms from sands deposited by rivers, or on beaches, or in deserts.
Cementation helps to bind the sands together to form solid rock.
Shale
Shale forms from compaction of clay and mud-sized particles.

26. Chemically-formed Sedimentary Rocks
The water is seas, lakes, and swamps often contain dissolved minerals.
The sediments form when the dissolved minerals sink out of solution.
The sediments collect and are left after the water evaporates.

27. Some examples of chemical sed. rocks include
Limestone (calcium carbonate)
Rock Gypsum (calcium sulfate)
Rock Salt (sodium chloride)
How does a solution form hard rock?

28. 1. Precipitation!
And
3. Crystallization!
2. Evaporation!

29. The Rock Salt Flats of Utah
After the last
glacial age (about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago), Lake
Bonneville in Utah evaporated and left a perfectly flat, 6 foot thick, salt land.
Do you remember where we parked?

30. Organically-Formed Sedimentary Rocks
Organically-formed sedimentary rocks form from the remains of plants and animals.
Fossil limestone
Coal
Particularly, bituminous coal (softer and more common)

31. White Cliffs of Dover
A symbolic guard for England, the cliffs over the English Channel are limestone that formed from collected sponges and coral sediment.
They can be clearly seen from northern France.

35. So what have we learned about rock types?
BrainPop Video

36. QUIZ TIME!

37. Try these.
READY?

38. SEDIMENT
1 Forces in nature break up big rocks into smaller and smaller pieces called ___.

39. HALITE
2 Rock salt (and table salt for that matter) is made up of the mineral ___.

40. CRYSTALLIZATION
3 Chemical sedimentary rocks, like limestone, will form from the processes of precipitation, evaporation, and ____.

41. 4 The rock formed from sand grains is ____.
SANDSTONE
4 The rock formed from sand grains is ____.

42. 5 Shale is, more or less, made of hardened ___.
MUD
5 Shale is, more or less, made of hardened ___.

43. COAL
6 An organically formed rock that can be made from dead, compressed plant life is called ____.

44. 7 ____ can have many different minerals of many different grain size.
CONGLOMERATE
7 ____ can have many different minerals of many different grain size.

45. CLASTIC
8 The three subclasses of sedimentary rocks are organic, chemical, and ___.