1. 10-17-16 Get ready for Bellwork
Fossils
Get ready for Bellwork

2. 1. Sometimes laws are passed to protect certain areas in order to maintain biodiversity. This helps preserve the unique characteristics of the organisms that live there. Sometimes land is preserved in several smaller patches that are spread out instead of one large area.
Which types of organisms will most likely become endangered if land preserves are spread out in patches?
a. organisms that hibernate in winter
b. organisms that need a lot of space to graze
c. organisms that are able to fly great distances
d. organisms that burrow underground

3. 2. Fertilizers containing phosphorous and nitrogen are leached into a pond. The nutrients from the fertilizer cause algae colonies in the pond to grow rapidly. As large quantities of algae die, the pond water becomes depleted of oxygen.
What most likely will be the effect on the organisms that live in this pond due to this algae growth?
a. The depth of the pond will increase.
b. There will be less biodiversity in the pond.
c. The water will become more clear.
d. A greater number of organisms will live in the pond.

4. 3. Human activities such as road building and home construction often destroy wildlife habitats.
For example, the clear-cutting of forests due to urban development will most likely result in...?
a. increased organism diversity.
b. decreased urban populations.
c. decreased forest biodiversity.
d. increased oxygen production.

5. 4. Human activities can alter ecosystems and result in the extinction of species.
Which action described below IS NOT an example of an activity that would reduce biodiversity.
a. Assuring that habitats are protected and remain unaltered as much as possible
b. Releasing a non-native species into a fragile ecosystem like a wetland area
c. Excessive hunting of wolves, bears, and mountain lions
d. Disrupting food webs by pouring toxic compounds into rivers and lakes (water pollution)

6. 5. A student wants to test how the concentration of phosphorus in a fertilizer affects plant growth.
In designing this experiment the manipulated variable would most likely be the...?
a. height each plant grows after given fertilizer.
b. type of phosphorus used.
c. type of each plant used.
d. amount of phosphorus used per plant.

7. 6. The metric system goes by powers of:
A) 100
B) 10
C) 1000
D) 10,000

8. 7. What formula do you use to measure density?
D=L x W
D=L x W x H
D=M/V
D=M x V

9. Rock Anthem Song!

10. 1. Sometimes laws are passed to protect certain areas in order to maintain biodiversity. This helps preserve the unique characteristics of the organisms that live there. Sometimes land is preserved in several smaller patches that are spread out instead of one large area.
Which types of organisms will most likely become endangered if land preserves are spread out in patches?
a. organisms that hibernate in winter
b. organisms that need a lot of space to graze
c. organisms that are able to fly great distances
d. organisms that burrow underground

11. 2. Fertilizers containing phosphorous and nitrogen are leached into a pond. The nutrients from the fertilizer cause algae colonies in the pond to grow rapidly. As large quantities of algae die, the pond water becomes depleted of oxygen.
What most likely will be the effect on the organisms that live in this pond due to this algae growth?
a. The depth of the pond will increase.
b. There will be less biodiversity in the pond.
c. The water will become more clear.
d. A greater number of organisms will live in the pond.

12. 3. Human activities such as road building and home construction often destroy wildlife habitats.
For example, the clear-cutting of forests due to urban development will most likely result in...?
a. increased organism diversity.
b. decreased urban populations.
c. decreased forest biodiversity.
d. increased oxygen production.

13. 4. Human activities can alter ecosystems and result in the extinction of species.
Which action described below IS NOT an example of an activity that would reduce biodiversity.
a. Assuring that habitats are protected and remain unaltered as much as possible
b. Releasing a non-native species into a fragile ecosystem like a wetland area
c. Excessive hunting of wolves, bears, and mountain lions
d. Disrupting food webs by pouring toxic compounds into rivers and lakes (water pollution)

14. 5. A student wants to test how the concentration of phosphorus in a fertilizer affects plant growth.
In designing this experiment the manipulated variable would most likely be the...?
a. height each plant grows after given fertilizer.
b. type of phosphorus used.
c. type of each plant used.
d. amount of phosphorus used per plant.

15. 6. The metric system goes by powers of:
A) 100
B) 10
C) 1000
D) 10,000

16. 7. What formula do you use to measure density?
D=L x W
D=L x W x H
D=M/V
D=M x V

17. I Can… Compare fossils found in rock to determine their relative age.
TOC #5 Fossil notes

18. Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary rocks cover 75% of the Earth’s land area.
Layer after layer of eroded earth is deposited on top of each. These layers are pressed down more and more through time, until the bottom layers slowly turn into rock.
Fossils are found in sedimentary layers.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

19. Relative Dating
Scientists use different methods to determine the age of objects in sedimentary rocks. 
One method, Relative dating, examines a fossil’s position within rock layers to estimate its age.
One way to measure geologic event:
Relative dating (fossils, structure, cross-cutting relationships): how old a rock is compared to surrounding rocks
Absolute dating (isotopic, tree rings, etc): actual number of years since the rock was formed
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

20. The bottom layers of rock are usually the oldest, and the top layers are usually the youngest.
Scientists can use the order of rock layers to determine the relative age of objects within the layers.
The geologic processes that occurring today have been occurring since Earth formed.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

21. The Geologic Column
To make relative dating easier, geologists combine data from all of the known rock sequences around the world.
From this information, geologists created the geologic column — an ideal sequence of rock layers that contains all of the known fossils and rock formations on Earth, arranging layers from oldest to youngest.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

22. I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

23. The remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geologic processes is called a Fossil.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

24. The hard parts are left to become fossils.
Fossils in rocks happen when organisms die, the fleshy parts decompose and are buried quickly in sedimentary rocks.
The hard parts are left to become fossils.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

25. Fossils in Amber occurs when insects get stuck in tree sap that hardens quickly.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

26. Petrification is the process in which minerals replace an organisms tissues. 
One form of petrification is called permineralization, which is the process in which minerals fill in pore spaces of an organism’s tissues. 
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

27. Frozen fossils occur when animals are frozen in ice and die
Frozen fossils occur when animals are frozen in ice and die. We find them 1000s of years later when it thaws.
Fossils in Asphalt occurs when  animals are preserved in thick, sticky pools of asphalt. 
Asphalt wells up and forms thick, sticky pools at Earth's surface. Example, Los Angeles
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

28. Burrows- shelters made by animals Coprolites- preserved animal dung
Trace fossils are any naturally preserved evidence of an animal’s activity.
Three types:
Track- footprint
Burrows- shelters made by animals
Coprolites- preserved animal dung
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

29. elbow partner
discuss and analyze why tracks and coprolites are considered trace fossils?
Burrow
They are evidence of animal activity rather than fossilized organisms.
Coprolite
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

30. 10-18-16 Get ready for Bellwork
Fossils Day 2
Get ready for Bellwork

31. 1. Which statement is best supported by the diagram?
SPI (Fossils) The diagram below shows three substrate layers with fossils.
1. Which statement is best supported by the diagram? a.
A. The fossils in Layers 1 and 3 are from closely related organisms. b.
B. The fossils in Layers 2 and 3 are from closely related organisms. c.
C. The fossil in Layer 3 is older than the fossil in Layer 2. d.
D. The fossil in Layer 1 is older than the fossil in Layer 2.

32. 2. Which layers were most likely deposited at the same time? a.
SPI (Fossils) Two geologic columns are shown below. The columns are from areas about 1 kilometer apart
2. Which layers were most likely deposited at the same time? a.
Layers 3 and 4 c.
Layers 2 and 3 b.
Layers 2 and 6 d.
Layers 1 and 4

33. a. the geologic column. c. half-life. b. relative dating. d.
SPI (Fossils) 3. Scientists use a fossil’s position within rock layers to determine whether the fossil is older or younger than other fossils in a process called a.
the geologic column. c.
half-life. b.
relative dating. d.
absolute dating.

34. a. the diet of the trilobites b. the size of trilobite population
SPI (Fossils) 4. A scientist was digging for fossils along a rocky cliff. The scientist discovered trilobite fossils in rocks at two different depths in the cliff. What can be determined about the fossils based on their locations?
a. the diet of the trilobites
b. the size of trilobite population
c. the relative age of the trilobite fossils
d. the number of trilobite predators

35. 5. A cross section of rock layers is shown below.
Which fossil is found in the oldest layer?
a.dinosaur
b.shell
c.leaf
d.fish

36. 6. About 78 million acres of trees in the Amazon jungle are cut down each year. That is more than 150 acres lost every minute of every day which results in a tremendous loss of biodiversity. These huge forests absorb millions of tons of carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere and release millions of tons of oxygen.
What is one significant negative consequence of this deforestation?
a. The amount of farm land in Brazil will be increased.
b. Biodiversity in the Amazon rain forest will be increased.
c. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere will be reduced.
d. There will be more plants to use as medicine from this region.

37. 7. When ocean temperatures, salt levels, and nutrients reach certain levels, it causes a type of red-colored algae to spread across the surface of the water. This is known as a red tide. During a red tide, these algae reproduce very rapidly and consume most of the nutrients in the water.
What would most likely be a consequence of a red tide bloom along the coast of California?
a. The water will become more clear and less salty.
b. Sea kelp will reproduce more rapidly in that part of the ocean.
c. A greater number of species will live in the ocean
d. The biodiversity in that part of the ocean will decrease.

38. Laws of Relative Rock Dating
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

39. 1. Which statement is best supported by the diagram?
SPI (Fossils) The diagram below shows three substrate layers with fossils.
1. Which statement is best supported by the diagram? a.
A. The fossils in Layers 1 and 3 are from closely related organisms. b.
B. The fossils in Layers 2 and 3 are from closely related organisms. c.
C. The fossil in Layer 3 is older than the fossil in Layer 2. d.
D. The fossil in Layer 1 is older than the fossil in Layer 2.

40. 2. Which layers were most likely deposited at the same time? a.
SPI (Fossils) Two geologic columns are shown below. The columns are from areas about 1 kilometer apart
2. Which layers were most likely deposited at the same time? a.
Layers 3 and 4 c.
Layers 2 and 3 b.
Layers 2 and 6 d.
Layers 1 and 4

41. a. the geologic column. c. half-life. b. relative dating. d.
SPI (Fossils) 3. Scientists use a fossil’s position within rock layers to determine whether the fossil is older or younger than other fossils in a process called a.
the geologic column. c.
half-life. b.
relative dating. d.
absolute dating.

42. a. the diet of the trilobites b. the size of trilobite population
SPI (Fossils) 4. A scientist was digging for fossils along a rocky cliff. The scientist discovered trilobite fossils in rocks at two different depths in the cliff. What can be determined about the fossils based on their locations?
a. the diet of the trilobites
b. the size of trilobite population
c. the relative age of the trilobite fossils
d. the number of trilobite predators

43. 5. A cross section of rock layers is shown below.
Which fossil is found in the oldest layer?
a.dinosaur
b.shell
c.leaf
d.fish

44. 6. About 78 million acres of trees in the Amazon jungle are cut down each year. That is more than 150 acres lost every minute of every day which results in a tremendous loss of biodiversity. These huge forests absorb millions of tons of carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere and release millions of tons of oxygen.
What is one significant negative consequence of this deforestation?
a. The amount of farm land in Brazil will be increased.
b. Biodiversity in the Amazon rain forest will be increased.
c. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere will be reduced.
d. There will be more plants to use as medicine from this region.

45. 7. When ocean temperatures, salt levels, and nutrients reach certain levels, it causes a type of red-colored algae to spread across the surface of the water. This is known as a red tide. During a red tide, these algae reproduce very rapidly and consume most of the nutrients in the water.
What would most likely be a consequence of a red tide bloom along the coast of California?
a. The water will become more clear and less salty.
b. Sea kelp will reproduce more rapidly in that part of the ocean.
c. A greater number of species will live in the ocean
d. The biodiversity in that part of the ocean will decrease.

46. Some fossils do not contain any original material of the original organism. Molds form when sediments cover the organism, such as shell, and the hard part is alter removed by weathering or erosion.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

47. A cast is an object that is created when sediment fills a mold and becomes rock.
Compare and contrast a mold and a cast.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

48. History of Changing Organisms
Scientists study the relationships between fossils to interpret how life has changed over time. Since the fossil record is incomplete, palaeontologists look for similarities between fossils over time to try to track change.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

49. Using Fossils to Date Rocks
Scientists have found that particular types of fossils appear only in certain layers of rock.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

50. By dating rock layers above and below these fossils, scientists can determine the time span in which the organism lived.
If the organism lived for a relatively short period of time, its fossils would show up in limited layers.
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

51. Index fossils are fossils of organisms that lived for a relatively short, well defined geologic timespan.
To be index fossils, these must be found throughout the world in rock layers.
Think critically--
Evaluate why are the best index fossils widespread?
Explain how scientist might be able to determine the relative age of a layer of sediment if they find a fossilized trilobite in the layer.
List ways in which fossils can form.
Trilobites
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

52. Draw and label a picture of sedimentary rock.
a) Must have 3 to 5 layers of sedimentary rock.
b) Each layer must contain at least one fossil.
c) Label the relative age of each layer of rock
Use this example as a guide, but DO NOT just copy it!
10 million years
60 million years
80 million years
90 million years
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

53. Use this example as a guide, but DO NOT just copy it!80
million years
100
150 million years
200
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

54. Use this example as a guide, but DO NOT just copy it!
Relative Ages
1) 30 million years
2) 40 million years
3) 60 million years
4) 100 million years
5) 100 million years 2)
I can compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.