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Chapter 4 Perceiving Others

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1 Chapter 4 Perceiving Others
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Chapter 4 Perceiving Others

2 Section 1 THE PERCEPTION PROCESS
Interplay Section 1 THE PERCEPTION PROCESS Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

3 The Perception Process
Reality is constructed First-order realities Physically observable qualities of a thing or situation Second-order realities Attaching meaning to first- order things or situations Second-order realities don’t reside in objects or events but rather in our minds Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

4 Steps in the Perception Process
Selection We “select” which data we will attend to. How does the following stimuli influence our selections? Intensity Repetition Contrast Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

5 Steps in the Perception Process
Organization Perceptual Schema Physical constructs Role constructs Interaction constructs Psychological constructs How are these constructs used to organize information? Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

6 Steps in the Perception Process
Punctuation, defined: Determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions Example: Husband and wife argue Husband perceives wife as a nag Wife complains husband withdraws from her Each partner’s “punctuation” affects perception of the dispute Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

7 Steps in the Perception Process
Interpretation: Attaching meaning to data Considerations: Relational satisfaction Expectations Personal experience Assumptions about human behavior Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

8 Steps in the Perception Process
Negotiation: Process by which communicators influence each other’s perceptions through communication Narratives: Personal stories created to make sense of our personal world Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

9 Section 2 INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION
Interplay Section 2 INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

10 Influences on Perception
How we select, organize, interpret, and negotiate data is influenced by: Access to information Physiological influences The senses Age Health and fatigue Biological cycles Hunger Neurobehavioral challenges Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

11 Influences on Perception
How we select, organize, interpret, and negotiate data is also influenced by: Psychological influences Mood Self-concept Social influences Sex and gender roles Occupational roles Relational roles Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

12 Cultural Influences Culture influences selection, organization, interpretation, and negotiation. Provide an example of a cultural difference influencing perception. What other cultural norms and values (discussed in Interplay, Chapter 2) may influence perceptions? Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

13 Section 3 COMMON TENDENCIES IN PERCEPTION
Interplay Section 3 COMMON TENDENCIES IN PERCEPTION Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

14 Common Tendencies in Perception
We make snap judgments Stereotyping: Exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system Three characteristics: Categorizing others on the basis of easily recognizable but not necessarily significant characteristics Ascribing a set of characteristics to most or all members of a group Applying the generalizations to a particular person Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

15 Common Tendencies in Perception
We cling to first impressions Halo effect: Tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic Confirmation bias: We seek out and organize our impressions to support an opinion Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

16 Common Tendencies in Perception
We judge ourselves more charitably than we do others. Self-serving bias We are influenced by our expectations. We are influenced by the obvious. We assume others are like us. Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

17 Section 4 SYNCHRONIZING OUR PERCEPTIONS
Interplay Section 4 SYNCHRONIZING OUR PERCEPTIONS Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

18 Perception Checking Three parts: Describe the behavior you noticed.
Consider at least two possible interpretations of the behavior. Request clarification about how to interpret the behavior. Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

19 Building Empathy Empathy defined Empathy and Ethics
Ability to re-create another person’s perspective, to experience the world from his/her point of view. Empathy and Ethics Bystanders who feel empathy are more likely to intervene Treatment for offenders involves instilling empathy Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

20 Building Empathy Assess the empathy displayed in the following video.
Requirements for empathy Open-mindedness Imagination Commitment Assess the empathy displayed in the following video. Video of Kim Schaefer, CEO of Great Wolf Resorts, going “undercover” in the television show Undercover Boss. Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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