1. POST CLASSICAL WESTERN EUROPE FROM 476 TO 1250 C.E.

2. Post Classical Era characterized: DID… But did NOT
Separate hemispheres (E and W)
Belief systems were the primary unifying force
Civilization continued to spread
Trade and communication increased interdependence
Tech expanded, but innovation slowed
No polt form dominates
Envi changes did not have great impact
Most societies remain patriarchs w/clear social distinctions

3. Periodization in Europe
Civilization suspended, then grows:
Early Middle Ages: 600 – 1000
Few read/write, small villages, little long distance trade: isolation/self-sufficiency
Late/High Middle Ages: – 1450
Signs of recovery, towns and trade grow, establishment of a new middle class

4. QUEST FOR POLITICAL ORDER AFTER 476 CE
Germanic kingdoms
Visigoths—Spain (470's to early 8th cen)
Ostrogoths/Lombards—Italy (5th cen to mid-8th cen)
Franks, Burgundians—Germany, Netherlands
Angles, Saxons—Kingdoms in Britain
Roman concept of rule by law replaced by family ties/personal loyalty
Individual kingdoms = no centralized govt
Towns declined, only non-German structure was the church

5. EUROPE c. 526 – 600 C.E.

6. RISE OF THE FRANKS The Franks Clovis
Belgium, Northern France, Western Germany
Developed group identity during the 3rd cen
Politically inexperienced, little exposure to Roman society
Clovis
Eliminated last vestiges of Roman authority
Built the most powerful and dynamic state in western Europe
Converts to Christianity
Descendants lose control

7. CAROLINGIANS Need to resist Viking invasions
Carolingians asserted authority, the early 8th century
Charles Martel
Charles the Hammer
Stops Muslim invasion of Europe, 732 at Battle of Tours
Pepin becomes king, 751
Pope appointed Pepin as King of the Franks
Pope allows Franks to reign as King of Italy
Pepin grants the area in Italy
around Rome to Pope

8. CHARLEMAGNE Charlemagne (reigned 768-814 C.E.)
Charles Martel's grandson,
Control extended to northeast Spain, Bavaria, north Italy
Relied on aristocratic deputies, known as counts
Used missi dominici to oversee local authorities
Pope Leo III proclaimed Charlemagne emperor, 800

9. THE RISE OF THE FRANKISH EMPIRE

10. BREAKUP OF THE FRANKISH EMPIRE
Louis the Pious (re )
Charlemagne's only surviving son, lost control of the counts
His three sons divided the empire into three kingdoms, Treaty of Verdun 843
The Vikings
Scandinavian homelands
Raided regions from Russia to Spain
Established colonies in Iceland, Greenland, Canada
Conquered parts of England, Ireland, Scotland, France
Outstanding seafarers—fleets could go to interior regions via rivers
Attacked towns and villages; favorite targets were Christian

11. VIKINGS, MAGYARS, AND ARABS

12. NEW REGIONAL STATES England Germany and Italy France
Small Celtic, German kingdoms merged into larger realm
1066—William of Normandy invaded and brought Anglo-Saxon rule to and end
Germany and Italy
local lords took control
Imposed authority in Central Europe—ruled Germany, Netherlands, Burgundy, Austria, Switzerland
Led armies to support the papacy in Italy
France
Counts and other local authorities became local lords
Vikings settled in northern France
Nobles elect Counts of Paris as King to replace Carolingians
Spain and Southern Italy
Spanish Christian states in North warred against Muslim caliphs
Northern Europe
Vikings establish three kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, Sweden

13. EUROPE c C.E.

14. Feudalism

15. FEUDAL SYSTEM Lords and vassals Feudal politics
Lord owned land, needs soldiers
Trades land for service
Grants of land called fiefs
Vassal provided defense, military equipment
Received livelihood from land
Vassals owed lord:
Loyalty, obedience, respect, counsel
Military service when called into service
Lords often made smaller grant to others
Called sub-division of fief
Lowest, service owning noble was a knight
Church often made vassals of soldiers for defense
Church could hold land as a vassal to a lord
Church often held land in own right
Feudal politics
Multi-layered network of lord-vassal relationships
Political stability depended on discipline, control
Lords, knights often had conflicting loyalties

16. The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT: Ideals – Loyal, Brave, Courteous
SQUIRE: Around the age of 14; Took care of knight’s armor, weapons, and warhorse
PAGE: Sent by parents to another lord; Waited on their guests; Played chess; Practiced sword fighting

17. Medieval Castle

18. Interior of Castle

19. MANORALISM: ECONOMIC FEUDALISM
Serfs' obligations
Could not move without permission
had right to work on land, pass job to heirs, did not OWN land
often drafted as foot soldiers in feudal armies
Free peasants gave up land ownership to become serfs for protection
Manors
Principal form of agricultural organization; large estate controlled by lord; Lord could execute serfs for misconduct
Responsibility to protect serfs to maintain “community”
Manors were largely self-sufficient communities
Trade: luxuries, manufactured products, finished goods
Serfs had to work lord’s land first, before their own plots

20. ECONOMY Agriculture Agricultural production
suffered from repeated invasions
Small wooden plows of Med.
farmers did not work well in the N
Heavy plows could turn soils
Common from 8th century, production increased
Cultivation of new lands, watermills, and three field system = rotating crops
A rural society
Agricultural surplus not enough to support large cities
Towns were few and sparsely populated

21. POPULATION Population 200 C.E.=36 million 400 C.E.=31 million
800 C.E.=edged up to 29 million
900 C.E.=30 million
1000 C.E= back to 36 mil

22. The Medieval Manor

23. Life on the Medieval Manor

24. Late Medeival Town Dwellings