1. Causes of the Civil War
SS8H6 The students will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia. A. Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War, include slavery, states rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, and the Georgia Platform.

2. Regional differences start to show
As the country expands the regional difference intensify, and begin to manifest politically, economically, socially and culturally
Major factors include:
States’ Rights: Tariffs & Nullification
Slavery
Sectionalism: Economics, Education, Culture

3. Cotton fields vs. Factories

4. Differences North South States’ Rights
Believed in Strong Federal(National) Government
Believed states had the right to rule themselves and could overrule federal laws
Slavery
Most were free states
Favored slavery and the spread of it into western territories
Tariffs
Favored high tariffs on imports from other countries to keep their northern product cheaper in order to outsell foreign goods
Favored low tariffs because they traded so much with other countries
Economic Base
Factories, mining, banks, railroads, farms that produced food crop
Agricultural farming of cash crops such as tobacco, cotton, and rice, these crops were exported overseas and to northern factories
Education
Private schools, church schools, some public schools opened to boys and girls, Private Universities
Some state chartered Universities such as UGA, some private tutors for the upper class, little or no formal education systems
Culture
Many large cities with social gatherings such as opera, lectures, theaters and museums
The only large cities were Richmond, Charleston, Savannah, and Augusta
Socials events centered around farm events, hunting outing and seasonal parties

5. Slave-Owning Population (1850)

6. The Government tries to keep the Peace
As these issue present themselves politically, Congress steps in to try to pacify each side
Three major Compromises are passed
Missouri Compromise of 1820
The Compromise of 1850
The Kansas Nebraska Act-1854

7. Missouri Compromise (1820)
In 1819 the U.S. had 22 states, 11 were free and 11 were slave states
Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
After a great deal of debate Congress decided
1. Maine would be admitted as a free state
2. Missouri as a slave state
3. Prohibited slavery above the 36° 30’ latitude line

8. DIVIDING LINES 36 30’ Parallel – Mason Dixon Line –
West of the Mississippi River
Mason Dixon Line –
East of Mississippi River

9. Compromise of 1850
California now had enough population to apply for statehood as a free state
Gold rush of 1849 increased the population
New debates in Congress because - there were 15 free and 15 slave states in the U.S.
To keep the balance in the Senate, Congress finally decided to compromise:
CA came in as a Free State
Slave trade ended in the District of Columbia but residents could keep their slaves
Texas could not annex (add) New Mexico thereby keeping it free of slavery
Fugitive Slave Act passed requiring runaway slaves to be returned to owners

10. Kansas-Nebraska Act- 1854 These two new territories are created
“Popular Sovereignty” is passed to let their voters decide on the issue of slavery when they apply for statehood
This angered Northerners because this law changed the Missouri Compromise boundary of 36°30’
Kansas – Nebraska Territory was NORTH of the 36°30’
Republican Party (with different ideologies than today) is created in opposition of this act and moves across the northern states – this becomes the party of A. Lincoln
Violence sweeps the territory as both sides of the issue fight for their dominance – “Bleeding Kansas”
Kansas not admitted. Nebraska voted in as free state.

11. Tariffs & Nullification
Tariff of 1828
“Tariff of Abomination”- designed to protect northern and western agricultural products
Raised the cost of living in the South and cut N.E. profits
The South is angered, but only SC threatens to ignore the law;
VP John C. Calhoun (from SC) writes the anonymous South Carolina Exposition and Protest – doctrine of nullification
Tariff of (passed as a compromise)
South still angered, but only SC attempts to nullify the law; Pres. Jackson threatens to use the military to enforce it; SC agrees to compromise in 1833.
Anger in the South continues towards federal government; tensions continue though constitutional crisis averted

12. What lead to this conflict between the North and South?
Did the founding fathers leave the issue of slavery for future generations to settle? How was it addressed in the Constitution?
National Archives,
“The Charters of Freedom”

13. When was the import of slaves to stop?
Important quotes from the Constitution to analyze:
Article I, Section 2
“Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.”
By having more representatives what does your state gain?
Section. 9.
“The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.”
When was the import of slaves to stop?

14. Fundamental (MAJOR) Causes:
Causes that have been brewing for many years which further divide the country:
Sectionalism
Slavery
States’ Rights
Nullification
Tariffs
Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Law
Popular Sovereignty
Think of these as the Main Ingredients of war!

16. Georgia Platform-1850 Held in Milledgeville
Debate over the Compromise of 1850
Toombs, Cobb, and Alexander Stephens convinced Georgia not to secede
Influenced Congress (and the Southern states) to remain as one union
Encouraged compromise between anti- /pro-slavery
* Why was Georgia an unlikely advocate for the Union?

17. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, (1857 June 27), front page.

18. Dred Scott Decision 1857
Dred Scott moved with his master to the free state of Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory.
Then sued the man who held him in servitude on the grounds that he had achieved his freedom by residing in free territory
Case as heard by US Supreme Court
Court ruled that Dred Scott (a slave) was not a citizen and therefore could not sue
This decision locked in pro-slavery attitudes across the nation for decades to come
This Supreme Court decision is one more thing to upsets the delicate balance of the regional differences

19. Chief Justice Roger Taney wrote the Court’s majority opinion:
Slaves /African Americans, could not sue in federal court
because they were not recognized as U.S. citizens according
to the Constitution. (What amendment finally changes this?)
2. The National government did not have the right to exclude
slavery from the territories, enslaved people were considered
property and the Constitution protects the movement of
property. Therefore, the due process clause of the Fifth
Amendment protected property rights. So, a slaveholder had
the right to own slaves anywhere in the country or its territories.
(This negates the 36°30’ line)

20. Antebellum restrictions - Slave Codes
Took away remaining rights from slaves:
Could not testify against whites
Could not show disrespect to whites: contact, hit, or carry a weapon (including farm tools)
Limited socialization (Sunday’s only)
Already had these rules:
Marriages were not legal (families could break apart)
Runaway slaves must be returned (Fugitive Slave Law)
Could not be taught to read or write
Job prohibition: could not work in a job that required reading / writing

21. John Brown – Violent Abolitionist
HERO VS. VILLIAN?
Worked for free-soilers in Missouri
Caused “Bleeding Kansas” when he murdered 5 pro-slavery citizens
Worked in coalition with his sons and others
Planned on starting a rebellion to free slaves
Expected slaves to join his fight
1859: Failed raid on Federal arsenal for weapons
Captured by then Colonel Robert E. Lee
Accused of treason; sentenced to death
John Brown – Violent Abolitionist
Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper,
v. 8, no. 207 (1859 Nov. 19), p. 383.
John Brown, now under sentence of
death for treason and murder,
at Charlestown, Va.

22. Use the link below to learn about John Brown.
John Browns Raid 1:38min

23. Immediate (MINOR) Causes :
Dred Scott Decision
Slave Codes (rigid slave laws)
Bleeding Kansas
John Brown Raid on Harpers Ferry
Election of Lincoln in 1860
South Carolina secedes from the Union
Shots fired upon Ft. Sumter
Think of these as Spices in the recipe for war….
turns up the heat as the pot boils over!

25. DEBATE OVER SECESSION
Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential election caused southern states to hold conventions on whether or not they should secede from the Union in order to protect the legalization of slavery in their states.
South Carolina became the 1st state to secede from the Union, while Georgia became the 5th state to secede. 25

27. Georgia Debates Secession
After Lincoln’s election in 1860 and South Carolina seceded, Georgia’s General Assembly debates the issue of secession
Alexander Stephens, a longtime Georgia politician cautions against any hasty decisions and tries to encourage compromise

28. ROLE OF ALEXANDER STEPHENS
U.S. Representative from Georgia who was against Secession (remember he formed the GA Platform!)
He believed that if the South seceded then a Civil War would break out
If the South lost in a war then they would lose their states’ rights
Georgia seceded anyway, joining the Confederate States of America, a separate country.
Stephens was persuaded to become the vice-president of the C.S.A. to appeal to southerners that were like him – those who wanted to keep slavery, but didn’t want to leave the union.
HIS NEW GOAL: keep the southern states united. 28

30. Shot fired at Fort Sumter, SC
Southern forces succeeded
in overtaking the Federal position
April 1861

31. Review:
Regional differences multiply as the United States expands in the early 1800’s
These fundamental issues escalate and require political compromises to keep the peace in the government
By 1860 it doesn’t take much to send tempers over the edge and war begins