1. Try This…
1. What is the dominant stage of the fern life cycle? The moss?
Fern-Sporophyte
Moss - Gametophyte
2. Why do ferns need to live in a moist environment?
Sperm need to swim to egg
3. How do ferns accomplish gas exchange without losing too much water?
By opening and closing the stoma on the underside of the leaf

2. Try This… 4. How do Ferns move water around the plant? Nutrients?
Vascular Tissue-Xylem (W-XY (LEM)
5. Where does photosynthesis occur? How do the products of photosynthesis move around the plant?
In the leaves
Moves via the vascular tissue Phloem (phloem = phood)
6. Which Fern generation is haploid? Diploid?
Haploid – Gametophyte (which produces the gametes;egg & sperm)
Diploid – Sporophyte (which produces the spores)

3. Introduction to Seed Plants

4. Seed plants belong to the phylum Tracheophyta (subphylum Spermopsidea)

5. Adaptations
The adaptations that seed plants exhibit that allow them to survive on land are:
Vascular Tissues
Organs – Roots, Stems, Leaves
Seeds

6. Plant Organs The three main organs of the plant are: Roots Stems
Leaves
Plant Organ
Function(s)
Roots
Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from soil
Anchor plants to the ground
Hold plants upright
Stems
Hold plant leaves up to the sun
Leaves
Spread chloroplasts out for photosythesis

7. Type of Vascular Tissue
Function: Transport water, nutrients and the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant
Two types of vascular tissue:
Xylem
Phloem
Type of Vascular Tissue
Description
Function(s)
Xylem
Thick cell walls
Dead cells
Carries water and nutrients upward from roots to stems and leaves
Thick cell walls provide strength for he plant
Phloem
Filled with cytoplasm
Live cells
Carries products of photosynthesis and other substances from one part of the plant to another (up and down)

8. Reproduction
Seed plants have an alternation of generations, with the sporophyte generation being the dominant (most obvious) generation
Evolutionary trend: as sporophyte generation gets larger, gametophyte generation gets smaller

9. Reproduction Seed plants reproduce free from water
Special reproductive structures of seed plants are flowers and cones; these structures house the growing and maturing gametophyte

10. Reproduction Female gametophyte is contained within the ovule
Male gametophyte is contained within a pollen grain

11. Reproduction
Entire pollen grain (not the individual sperm) is carried to the female gametophyte; a process called pollination
Pollination occurs due to the actions of wind, insects, birds, bats and animals

12. Reproduction
Structures that protect the zygotes are called seeds (Zygote – union of male and female gametes)
Zygote develops into a tiny embryo
Embryo stops growing while it is still within the seed

13. Reproduction
When environmental conditions are favourable, the embryo will begin to grow again
A seed coat protects the embryo and the stored food supply within the seed from drying out while the embryo is waiting for favourable conditions before it germinates

14. Reproduction free from water allows seed plants to live in a variety of habitats
The formation of seeds allows seed plants to survive and increase in number (compared to moss and ferns) because they can survive harsh conditions
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