1. Chapters 22-24
Kingdom Plantae

2. General Characteristics
Cell type
Cell organization
MoN
Mostly terrestrial, some aquatic
Cell walls made of

3. What Plants Need to survive
gas exchange, and movement of water

4. Which group do scientists believe plants evolved from?
Fungi
Protozoans
Algae
Bacteria

5. Evolution of Plants Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants
Ferns and their relatives
Mosses and their relatives
Green algae ancestor
Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue

6. Mosses low-growing (“carpet-like”), found in moist areas
No vascular tissue
No seeds, reproduce by spores
Reproduction dependent on water - sperm must swim to egg.

7. Ferns
No seeds
Have vascular tissue – specialized tissues to transport water, minerals, and nutrients
Xylem – transports water from roots to leaves
Phloem – transports nutrients from leaves to roots
Allowed the formation of ROOT, STEMS, and LEAVES
Allows plants to grow TALLER!

8. Ferns reproduce by forming spores on underside of leaves
Reproduction is dependent on water – sperm must swim to the egg

9. Roots
absorbs water and minerals from soil
anchors plant into ground.

10. Stems
structural support for upright growth

11. Leaf
carries out most photosynthesis

12. Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
Contain adaptations that allow plants to reproduce without water:
Flowers or cones (gametes grow within these),
transfer of sperm by pollen,
seeds that house embryo

13. Gymnosperms Gymnos = naked sperma = seed
Evergreen trees, examples-cedar, cypress, pine, & spruce
Have pinecones
Produce pollen

14. Pollen produce pollen - contains the male gamete (sperm)
Pollination – pollen grain is carried to egg

15. seeds
Contains zygote or embryo, food supply and protective coat (seed coat) to prevent drying out
Seed coat
embryo
Food supply

16. Seeds (cont)
Seeds allow offspring of plants to be dispersed to new locations by wind, water, and animals  increases BIODIVERSITY!

17. Pollination in Gymnosperms
female
&
male
cones—
most are wind pollinated where pollen is carried by wind from male cone to female cone

18. Angiosperms (“Enclosed seeds”)
Have covered seeds
Reproduce using pollination through animals
Have flowers – reproductive structure brightly colored or heavily scented to attract pollinators

19. Flower Parts male flower part - Stamen Carpel/pistil - female stigma
style
Anther- produces pollen
Filament
Petal
ovary
Ovule
(egg)
Pg. 612
Sepals-modified leaves

20. Angiosperms (cont.) Have fruit
After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into the fruit
Purpose is seed dispersal – when animals eat fruit and then defecate, seeds are passed. THIS IS THE REASON FRUITS EXIST!

21. 7. Which of the following is NOT a fruit?
kiwi
lettuce
tomato
pumpkin
strawberry