1. Axial & Appendicular
Skeletal System
Ch 7

2. Axial Skeleton

3. Appendicular Skeleton

4. Types of Bones
Long Bones- metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula
Short Bones- carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum
Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones
Sesamoid- patella

5. Bone Classification

6. Flat bone
Cranial bones
Sternum
Ribs
Scapula

7. Short bone
carpals
tarsals

8. Irregular bone

9. Long bone
epiphysis
diaphysis

10. Sesamoid bone

11. Bone Markings Depression & Openings: Processes: Fissure Condyle
Foramen
Fossa
Sulcus
Meatus
Processes:
Condyle
Facet
Head
Crest
Epicondyle
Line
Spinous process
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberocity

12. Bone Markings Two types of bone markings:
Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the bone
Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone

13. Joint Projections
Condyle: Rounded articular projection
Condyle

14. Joint Projections 2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck
3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

15. Joint Projections
4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

16. Ligament/Tendon Projections
1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest)
2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle

17. 3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection
4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection
5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection
(only on femur)

18. 6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection
Thoracic Vertebrae

19. DEPRESSIONS Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through.
1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube

20. Depressions 2) Fossa: shallow basin
3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening

21. Depressions
4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes
5) Foramen: Round or oval opening
Foramen Magnum

22. Depressions 6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression
“bicipital sulcus”

23. Axial Skeleton
Cranium
Facial Bones
Anterior View

24. Axial Skeleton
Cranium
Facial Bones
Lateral View

25. Axial Skeleton
Posterior View

26. Axial Skeleton
Inferior View

27. Axial Skeleton

28. Fetal Skull

29. Sinal Cavities Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
Warm and moisten air
Lighten the skull
Enhance voice resonance

30. The Vertebral Column Axial Skeleton Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertberae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx

31. Adult Spinal Curvatures
S-shaped vertebral column with 4 curvatures
Secondary curvatures develop after birth
Cervical curvature
Lumbar curvature
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Pelvic curvature

32. Infant Spinal Curvatures
C-shaped

33. Cervical Vertebrae

34. Cervical Vertebrae

35. Thoracic vertebrae

37. The Thoracic Cage Axial Skeleton Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3)
FloatingRibs (2)

38. Ribs & Vertebrae

39. Axial Skeleton
Sacrum & Coccyx

40. Disorders
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis

41. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

42. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

43. The Upper Limb (Forelimb)
Appendicular Skeleton
The Upper Limb (Forelimb)
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

44. Humorus

45. Ulna & Radius

46. Hand Bones

47. Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle

48. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvis

49. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvis (lateral view)
Ilium
Acetabulum
Obturator
foramen
Pubis
Ischium
Ischium

50. Male vs Female Pelvis
                                         
        Female Pelvic Girdle
Male Pelvic Girdle

51. Bipedalism chimpanzee Australopithecine human
“The Downside of Upright”

53. Appendicular Skeleton
The Lower Limb (Legs)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

54. Femur

55. Patella

56. Tibia & Fibula

57. Foot
phelangies
metatarsals
tarsals
tarsals
metatarsals
phelangies

58. Foot

59. Tiger Cubs Need M I L C Mnemonic for Learning Tarsal Bones: N M T I C

60. Foot problems
Fallen arches

61. Foot problems
A corn usually covers a small area while callus covers a wider area.
Corns may become painful when pressed strongly but calluses are generally not painful when pressed this way.
A corn has a fairly defined shape with a hard center core surrounded by an inflamed red skin. A callus consists of thickened and hardened skin throughout the affected area and may not have any definite shape.
Corns generally form on areas which do not experience a lot of weight, such as on top of toes and between toes. However, these areas experience pressure and friction that may be caused by factors such as ill-fitting shoes. On the other hand, calluses generally, though not always, form in areas that bear a lot of weight such as the sole of feet, especially under the heels and on ball of foot.
Bunion

62. Foot problems
Foot binding

63. Foot problems High heels normal
1 inch heel puts 22% more pressure on the ball of the foot than flat shoes
2 inch heel = 57% more pressure
3 inch heel = 76% more pressure
Foot problems
High heels
normal

67. INQUIRY
What is the difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton?
What is a fontanel?
Weight bearing vertebrae are called?
Which vertebrae has transverse foramen?
What bones make up the orbit of the eye?
Which bones are the keystone to the facial bones and keystone to the cranial bones?
Where on the clavicle is the weakest spot and most likely to be broken?
List 3 functions of sinuses.