1. Skeletal Jigsaw: The Lower Limb
Cassie Perez
Danielle Pusillo
Roshni Shibad
Skeletal Jigsaw: The Lower Limb

2. Bones in the Lower Limb The lower limbs have 60 bones in total
Each lower limb has a femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges (x2=60)

3. Femur (Thigh Bone) The femur is the longest, heaviest bone in the body
It makes up ¼-1/3 of the body
When a person is standing upright, the femur transmits weight from hip to the tibia (shin bone)
Function:
Supports the most weight out of any other bone in the body
Helps in the movement of our legs

4. Parts of Femur
Head (rounded epiphysis): articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum
Greater & lesser trochanters: projections that extend laterally from juncture of neck and shaft.
Develop where large tendons attach to femur.
Linea aspera: attachment of powerful muscles that pulls the shaft toward midline (movement called adduction).
Lateral & Medial epicondyle: inferior surfaces form lateral and medial condyles  form part of knee joint.

5. Femur (Thigh Bone)

6. Femur Femoral Fracture Usually caused by a large force such as:
Car accidents
Falls from a height

7. Quick Quiz What are the two functions of the femur bone?
Supports the most weight out of any other bone in the body
Helps in the movement of our legs

8. Patella (Knee Cap)
Glides over smooth anterior surface between lateral and medial condyles.
It is a triangular sesamoid bone.
Sesamoid means the bone is embedded in a tendon
The patella is embedded in a tendon of the quadricep muscles that straighten the knee.
It articulates with the femur and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint.

9. Patella (Knee Cap) Functions: Dislocation
The primary function is knee extension. The patella increases the leverage that the tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts.
Dislocation
Dislocation of the patella is common, especially among young female athletes.
It is when the Patella moves out of place. It can be put back into place by extending the leg and sometimes it is fixed by itself.

10. Patella (Knee Cap)

11. Quick Quiz
The Patella articulates with the _______ (1) and covers and protects the ____________________ (2).
femur
anterior articular surface of the knee joint

12. Tibia (Shin Bone) The Tibia is about 1/5- ¼ of the body
It transmits weight from the femur to the foot.
Function:
Bears a lot of weight when a person is standing up
Movement

13. Tibia One common Tibia injury is a stress fracture
Stress Fracture= pain and swelling over the site of the fracture and pain when you push on the shin
Very common in runners
Caused by:
Overloading the bone with continual muscle contractions
Sudden change in terrain (for example: going from running on a track to lots of grass training)

14. Fibula (Calf Bone) Located right next to the Tibia.
Slender, lateral bone.
Does not articulate with femur or help transfer weight to ankle and foot.
Functions:
Doesn’t bear that much weight
It is an attachment point for muscles in the leg
It is a stabilizing bone, particularly for stabilizing the ankle

15. A fibrous membrane extends between the two bones
Tibia and Fibula
A fibrous membrane extends between the two bones
helps stabilize their relative positions
provides additional surface area for muscle attachment.

16. Quick Quiz
The functions of the fibrous membrane that extends between the tibia and fibula are…
helps stabilize their relative positions
provides additional surface area for muscle attachment.

17. Tarsus (Ankle) The Tarsus is a cluster of 7 bones in the foot
The Tarsal bones are located between the lower end of the Tibia and Fibula and the Metatarsus

18. Tarsus (Ankle) Bones included in the Tarsus:
Talus – articulates tibia and fibula
Calcaneus (heel bone) – posterior projection of calcaneus is the attachment site for the calcaneal tendon from the calf muscles
Navicular bone
Cuboid bone
Medial (First) Cuneiform bone
Intermediate (Second) Cuneiform bone
Lateral (Third) Cuneiform bone
Body weight passes through each of these bones in this order.
Most of your weight is transmitted to the ground through the talus to the calcaneus.

19. Talus
This bone connects superiorly to the Tibia/Fibula to form the Ankle Joint and inferiorly at the Subtalar Joint to the heel bone

20. Calcaneus Bone (Heel Bone)
Largest Tarsal bone
The Achilles Tendon is inserted into a roughened area on its superior side
Functions:
 It bears some weight of the body as we stand on our feet, and it supports the leg
Assists in walking

21. Tarsus (Ankle)

22. Metatarsals & Phalanges
Metatarsal bones – support sole of the foot.

23. Joints Knee Joint: Ankle Joint: Subtalar Joint:
The femur attaches by ligaments and a capsule to your tibia.
Below and next to the tibia is the fibula and tibia.
The patella, rides on the knee joint as the knee bends.
Ankle Joint:
This is the joint between the Tibia and Fibula and the Tarsus
Articulation of the Tibia, Fibula and Talus
Acts as a hinge
Subtalar Joint:
The Subtalar Joint is a complex joint that is positioned below the ankle joint.
Functions:
Adjust to terrain when walking
Pivoting on feet
Shock absorbtion

24. GAME TIME!!!

25. Labeling activities:

26. Thank You 