1. Joints, Muscles and Movement I
ANPS
Anatomy & Physiology
Joints, Muscles and Movement I

4. Joints/Articulations
points of contact – where bone meets bone
compromise between stability vs mobility
properties and support of a joint depend on its function
shape of joint surfaces or articular surfaces
ligaments (connective tissue from bone to bone;
can be part of articular capsule)
tendons (connective tissue from muscle to bone)
Joint: bone meets bone
Stable joints: cranium, pelvis  inflexible
Flexible joints: shoulder, knee, hip  unstable and prone to injury

5. Joint Types/Classifications
Bony – bone on bone
Fibrous – bones linked by fibrous connective
tissue (suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis)
Cartilagenous – bones linked by cartilage connective
tissue (synchondrosis, symphysis)
Synovial Joints – ends of bones not connected by connective tissue; contains joint cavity
(many types)
little/no
movement
movement

6. Bony joint – frontal bone
Glabella
Supraorbital foramen (or notch)
Supraciliary arch
-two pieces of frontal bone fused where bony joint is present
Frontal bones
newborn skull

7. Sutures - Fibrous joint
Coronal
Anterior
Sagittal
Suture joint- locked together by fibrous CT, can move a little bit
Pterion
Posterior
Lamboid

8. 1st costal joint - Cartilagenous joint
clavicle
first rib
Sternal costal joint: between sternum & costal rib (first picture)
Sternoclavicalar joint: between sternum & clavicle (second picture)

9. Basic Synovial Joint Architecture
Articular cartilage – hyaline
cartilage at ends of bones
Joint capsule – fibrous capsule
reinforcing joint
Synovial membrane – capsule
lining; produce synovial fluid
Joint cavity – space in capsule
separating articular cartilage
Synovial Joint= MOVABLE
Synovial fluid= lubricant, allows joint to move better

10. Synovial Joint Modifications
Articular disc – fibrocartilage disc that supports joint shock or fit (vertebral disc/meniscus in knee)
Labrum – fibrocartilage ring that deepens a synovial joint (shoulder/hip joints)
Bursa – closed synovial sac reducing friction between surfaces
Ligaments – bone/bone connective tissue supporting capsule
Tendons – muscle/bone connective tissue; can support capsule
- Labrum: inner lip
- Burse: between muscle & bone, tendon & bone

11. glenoid fossa
bursa
labrum
labrum
shoulder joint
hip joint

12. Synovial Joint Modifications
Articular disc – fibrocartilage disc that supports joint shock or fit (vertebral disc/meniscus in knee)
Labrum – fibrocartilage ring that deepens a synovial joint (shoulder/hip joints)
Bursa – closed synovial sac reducing friction between surfaces
Ligaments – bone/bone connective tissue supporting capsule
Tendons – muscle/bone connective tissue; can support capsule

13. Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding / planar joint – sliding movement
(sternoclavicular joint)
Hinge joint – joints permitting flexion/extension (elbow/knee joints)
Pivot joint – joints permitting rotation (atlantoaxial/radioulnar joints)
Saddle joint – saddle shaped articular surfaces (metacarpal finger joint)
Ball/socket joint – best known (shoulder/hip joints)
Know all these Joints
Hinge joints: move in one plane (up or down), tempomandibular joint
Pivot joint: left & right
Saddle joint: 2 planes, conduylar joint (base of thumb)
Ball /socket joint: rotation

14. Motion terms Flexion and Extension. Abduction and Adduction.
Usually occurs in the sagittal plane.
Flexion typically results in a decrease in joint angle.
Extension typically results in an increase in joint angle.
Abduction and Adduction.
Usually occurs in the coronal plane.
Abduction typically results in movement away from the midsagittal plane.
Adduction typically results in movement toward the midsagittal plane.
Medial- and Lateral-Rotation.
Movement along the long axis of a long bone.
Medial rotation anterior surface rotates medially towards the midsagittal plane.
Lateral rotation anterior surface rotates laterally away from midsagittal plane.
Anatomical Position & Body Planes
Anatomical Position: Body is upright, arms at sides, palms faced out, toes pointed out
Sagittal Plane: right & left halves
Coronal Plane: anterior & posterior = ventral & dorsal
Transverse Plane: superior (upper) & inferior (lower)
Hyper extension: moving (arm) into posterior plane

15. Motion terms Pronation and Supination. Protraction and Retraction.
Pronation - rotation of radioulnar joint such that the palm is down.
Supination - rotation of radioulnar joint such that palm is up.
Protraction and Retraction.
Protraction - forward (anterior) movement of body part.
Retraction - backward (posterior) movement of body part.
Elevation and Depression.
Elevation - superior movement of body part (i.e., scapula).
Depression - inferior movement of body part (i.e. scapula).
- Pronation: not long axis of long bone (because radius folds over ulna)
Protracting: punching someone
Retraction: wind up of punch
Elevation: shrugging shoulders
Depression: dropping shoulders

16. Motion terms Inversion and Eversion. Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion.
Inversion – inward rotation of foot such that the sole is turned medially.
Eversion – outward rotation of foot such that the sole is turned laterally.
Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion.
Dorsiflexion – flexion of foot at the ankle joint towards the leg.
Plantarflexion – extension at the ankle joint or flexion of foot
towards the sole (pointing toes).
Opposition.
Movement of thumb such that it can touch all other digits.
Lateral Bending.
Side to side bending (as in vertebral column) in coronal plane.
- Refer to feet: Inversion, Eversion, Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion: feet point up
Plantar flexion: feet point down
Lateral Bending in neck, torso

17. Glenohumeral Joint
(shoulder joint)

18. * * * * * Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder joint) (3)*
capsule reinforced by:
4 ligaments (blue asterisk) and
rotator cuff muscle tendons
(red asterisks) * * *
(3)*

19. Elbow joint (humeroradial/humeroulnar joints)
Radioulnar joint

20. Hip joint
Hip Joint * * *

21. Knee joint * * * * “unhappy triad”
Unhappy triad: combination that gets damaged together
Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus
Medial collateral ligament
Medial collateral ligament *
Lateral collateral ligament
* “unhappy triad”

22. Muscles and motion For action, muscles cross 1 or more joints.
Muscles can have multiple actions
Actions dependent on joints crossed, size (complexity) and distal attachments
Principal vs secondary actions
On axial skeleton, unilateral actions of muscles can be different from bilateral actions
Coordinate actions of multiple muscles can be different from actions of individual muscles (sum is different from its components).
Principal actions: major actions (vs. secondary minor)