1. Prescribed Subject 4 – Rights and Protest

2. Prescribed Subject 4 – Rights and Protest

6. Key skill for Paper 1. Primary Sources
Familiarise yourself with the main collections of online and printed primary sources for both countries in this period.
South Africa
Nelson Mandela’s Long Walk to Freedom (1995)
South African History Online
ANC document collections
Overcoming Apartheid
How would you select a document for use in a Paper 1 on South Africa?

7. Key skill for Paper 1. Primary Sources
Do the same for US Civil Rights
US Civil Rights
Civil Rights Digital Library
Library of Congress
PBS Eyes on the Prize (also available in several printed versions)
UNC – Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement
How would you select a document for use in a Paper 1 on Civil Rights ?

8. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4
Jim Crow and disenfranchisement:
State constitutions that breached the 14th (equal citizenship) and 15th (voting rights) amendments. “Interposition.”
Poll Taxes, “grandfather clauses” and other voting impediments
Segregation of public services – education, transport, parks etc
Segregation of businesses – lunch counters, hotels etc.
Attitudes of Southern Democrat politicians
The influence of the KKK – the police and judicial system; lynching

9. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4
Brown v Board and its implications:
Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP; Chief Justice Earl Warren and the Supreme Court verdict. Overturning of “Separate but Equal” (Plessy v Ferguson, 1896)
The Southern Manifesto (1956)
Little Rock Crisis (1957) – Governor Orval Faubus and Eisenhower; use of Federal forces
Limitations of desegregation

10. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4
Non-violent campaigns – Montgomery Bus Boycott ( )
Arrest of Rosa Parks. Role of Jo Ann Robinson and the Women’s Political Committee (WPC).
Creation of Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA); leadership of Martin Luther King.
Role of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.
13 Nov 1956: Supreme Court finds against transports segregation in Browder v Gayle.

11. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4
Non-violent campaigns – The Freedom Rides (1961)
The establishment of Congress of Racial Equality (CORE, 1942); and SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, 1960)
Attempts to uphold Morgan v Virginia (1942) and Boynton v Virginia (1962)
14 May 1961 – the Klan/Police attacks at Anniston, Alabama.
24 May 1961 – Freedom Riders arrested at Pachman, Mississippi
22 Sep 1961 – Interstate Commerce Commission outlaws segregation on Interstate Transport

12. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4
Non-violent campaigns – Freedom Summer (1964)
1963 Freedom Vote registration campaign (Council of Federated Organisations, COFO)
Freedom Schools literacy programme
Creation of the Mississippi Freedom Democractic Party (MFDP) as a challenge against the segregationist official Democrat Party.
KKK resistance: murders of Chaney, Schwerner and Goodman
FBI role in fighting against the KKK

13. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4
Legislative Changes
The Civil Rights Act (1964)
Kennedy’s announcement of a Civil Rights Bill, 11 June 1963
Southern Senators attempt to Filibuster the debate
Johnson’s role in steering the Bill through Congress following Kennedy’s assassination
Impact of the Act: ended segregation in public places and unequal application of voter registration laws.
The Voting Rights Act (1965)
Growth of radicalism following Freedom Summer. Malcolm X’s criticisms of MLK’s non-violent approach
The Selma-Montgomery Voting Rights marches (March)
Sheriff Jim Clark and the violence at Edmund Pettus Bridge. TV images beamed across the world.
Johnson’s “We Shall overcome” broadcast (15 March 1965)
Passing of Voting Rights Act (6 Aug 1965)

14. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4
Key personalities – Martin Luther King
Leading role in Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-6)
Founder of the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Coalition, 1957)
Albany (Georgia) campaign (1962). Police Chief Laurie Pritchett’s defeat of the campaign through building jail capacity.
Birmingham (Alabama) campaign (1963). Letter from Birmingham Jail (16 April Street Baptist Church March. Violent response from Chief Eugene Connor; 2 – 7 May 1963 – mass arrests of children. 10 May – local desegregation agreed.
March on Washington “I have a dream” speech (28 Aug 1963)
Selma Campaign (March 1965)
Assassinated 4 April 1968, Memphis, Tennessee

15. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4
Key personalities – Malcolm X
Becomes a preacher for Nation of Islam in the early 1950s following prison term
Advocate for Black Supremacy and attacks integration
1964 – splits from Nation of Islam and tours Africa. Forms Organisation of Afro-American Unity and becomes a Pan-Africanist.
Criticises Martin Luther King’s non-violent approach
Feb 1965 – assassinated in Manhattan.

16. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4
Key personalities – Lyndon Johnson
Johnson’s background was as a schoolteacher and then as a New Dealer in the National Youth Administration (NYA) in the early 1930s
But also a highly skilled political operator who seldom picked a fight he could lose. While he refused to sign the anti-Brown Southern Manifesto, he also helped to dilute the 1957 and Eisenhower Bills so that they passed through Congress.
Kennedy appointed Johnson Chair of the largely powerless CEEO (Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities.)
On becoming President Johnson announced his “Great Society” project. His goals for Black Americans were wrapped up in aims to end poverty and injustice.
On becoming President he took up the Civil Rights cause as issue of justice, and as a monument to Kennedy. Stormy relationship with Martin Luther King.
Through a combination of charm, flattery, blackmail and personal threats he cajoled the Southern Senators not to block either the 1964 Civil Rights Act or the 1965 Voting Rights Act.

17. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4

18. Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4

19. Key knowledge for Apartheid South Africa Q.4
Petty Apartheid Legislation
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949); The Immorality Act (1950); The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953).
Grand Apartheid Legislation
The Population Registration Act (1950); The Group Areas Act (1950)
The Pass Laws
The Natives Act (1952) - key piece of Apartheid Law to drive black people out of urban areas.
Education
The Bantu Education Act (1953) – full segregation and subordination of black people. Government no longer responsible for educating black people.
Bantustans (so-called Black Homelands)
Bantu Authorities Act (1951) and Bantu Self-Government Act (1959) – to divide and rule the black population by forcing them into tribally-defined rural areas (13% of country’s territory), and then strip them of SA citizenship.

20. Key knowledge for Apartheid South Africa Q.4
Non-violent protest
The Defiance Campaign
6 June 1952 – mass defiance against apartheid laws.
Breaches of segregation and of curfews.
8,000 were jailed for breach of apartheid laws.
The Freedom Charter
26 June 1952 – Kliptown meeting bringing together ANC, SAIC and other groups
Demanded a government that reflected the will of the majority
One person one vote regardless of race
Full equality of rights for all people
Became the basis for the Anti-Apartheid movement’s objectives

21. Key knowledge for Apartheid South Africa Q.4
The road to violence
The Sharpeville Massacre
19 March PAC President Robert Sobukwe announced a campaign against the Pass Laws.
21 March PAC demonstrators congregate outside Sharpeville Police Station.
Police killed 69 and seriously injured 180 others.
30 March S. African police declare a State of Emergency.
The Armed struggle
Feb PAC had established its Armed Wing. “Poqo” (Pure.)
Dec ANC establishes Unkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), known as MK.
Objective was to overthrow the government of South Africa using force.
200 acts of sabotage in first 18 months of MK.

22. Key knowledge for Apartheid South Africa Q.4
The Rivonia Trial,
Arrest of MK leadership at Lillesleaf Farm, Rivonia, following their plotting for an armed resistance campaign, having received training at the hands of African nationalist leaders.
The trial began 9 October were accused of sabotage and guerrilla warfare.
Defence case denied that they were Communists, or that MK was a wing of the ANC; also denied that they had formally adopted a campaign of sabotage or treason.
20 April 1964 – Mandela challenged the legitimacy of the court and said he was prepared to die.
11 June 1964 – remaining defendants found guilty on all counts and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Rivonia Trial made a global icon of Nelson Mandela.

23. Key knowledge for Apartheid South Africa Q.4
Key Individuals
Nelson Mandela
Formed the ANC Youth League in 1944
Developed the Programme of Action (mass-action focused) 1949
National Volunteer in Chief for The Defiance Campaign, 1962
Arrested in 1955 and tried for treason; acquitted 1961
16 Dec 1961: founded Umkhonto we Sizwe “Spear of the Nation”
1962 travelled around Africa meeting nationalist leaders
5 August Arrrested.
The Rivonia Trial. Sentenced to life imprisonment for treason 1964

24. Key knowledge for Apartheid South Africa Q.4
Key Individuals
Albert Luthuli
Became Chief of the Zulus in 1936
Joined the ANC 1944
Elected President of the ANC 1952
Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1960
Subjected to several banning orders that restricted his movements
Luthuli was increasingly marginalised by the more radical members of the ANC and claimed he had not supported the creation of MK.
Died in an accident 1967.

25. Key knowledge for Apartheid South Africa Q.4
Key groups
The ANC
Founded 1912.
Became a mass movement in response to the National Party’s election in 1948 and the passing of the apartheid laws.
Worked closely with the South African Indian Congress (SAIC), the South African Coloured People’s Organisation (SACPO) and the South African Congres of Trades Unions (SACTU)
Played a lead role in the Defiance Campaign (1952) and the Freedom Charter (1955).
30 March 1960: banned as an organisation.
Dec 1961: established MK as an armed wing
The SACP
Founded 1921; banned 1950.
Worked closely with the ANC and shared members.
Supported the founding of MK.