1. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

2. What do you think of when you hear the word organic?
Question
What do you think of when you hear the word organic?
Talk to your neighbor and come up with a definition of organic.

3. Carbon atoms unique bonding properties.
Carbon is the building block of life because all living things are made up of Carbon
Carbons structure gives it, its unique properties
Because it has 4 electrons in its outer shell it is able to bond with 4 other atoms.

4. Carbon atoms unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
straight chain
branched chain
ring

5. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the molecular subunits of a polymer or a single subunit.
Polymers are molecules that are made of many monomers.

6. Four main types of carbon-based molecules
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

7. Four main types of carbon-based molecules
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars. (Glucose is the most important)
Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
Starches-store E for plants
Glycogen-store E for animals
Cellulose-provide structure for plants (celery)

8. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

9. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Triglyceride

10. Lipids have several different functions.
broken down as a source of energy
make up cell membranes
used to make hormones

11. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids

12. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
Polar phosphate “head”
Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid

13. Proteins are the most varied of C-based molecules
Proteins are the most varied of C-based molecules. They are many monomers of Amino Acids linked together to form a polymer.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Your body makes 12, you get the rest from food.

14. Amino Acids are molecules that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfer
All Amino Acids have a similar structure: Carbon bonded to Hydrogen, amino group (NH2), and a Carboxyl group (COOH)
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

15. Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds.
Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that form to link Amino Acids together.
Polypeptide bonds are may peptide bonds linked together.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

16. The specific sequence of Amino Acids determine the structure and function of a protein.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. Example: there are 574 A.A in hemoglobin, and just 1 out of place can cause sickle cell anemia.

17. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

18. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

19. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
DNA stores genetic information.
DNA
RNA builds proteins.
RNA