1. 3.2 English morphemes 3.2.1 Morphology(形态学)
The study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components – morphemes.

2. 3.2.1 Morphemes
The smallest unit of meaning in English in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
E.g. One morpheme------nation
two morphemes----- nation+al
three morphemes----nation+al+ize
four morphemes-----de+nation +al +ize
more than four morphemes----
de+nation+al+iz+ation

3. Case study 1 Purify Pur(e) + -ify
A rule: a new form of verb can be created by adding –ify to an adjective.
Amplify, simplify, electrify, falsify, etc.
What about –ify being added to a noun?
class—classify, beauty—beautify,
glory--glorify

4. 3.2.2 Types of morphemes (1) Free vs. Bound morphemes:
Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves,
eg boy, girl, table, nation.
Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-.
Mono-morphemic and poly-morphemic words
Eg. 1)Dog, nation, close, Otaku, etc.
2)moonwalk, babysit, god father,
wechat, hide-and-seek, .

5. (2) affix morphemes and root morphemes
Affix: the type of formation that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into
prefix (dis-, un-) and
suffix (-en, -ify).

6. (3)Root: the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main meaning of the word. It cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg friend as in unfriendliness.
Roots may be
free: those that can stand by themselves, eg black+board; nation; or
bound: those that cannot stand by themselves, eg -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.

7. 3.2.3 Types of morphemes stem
A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflection affix can be added.
eg. Friend in friends;
friendship in friendships
Note: a stem may be the same as a root, whereas a stem may contain a root and one, or more than one, derivational affix.

8. Job+s, desir+ed, sitt+ing, etc.
1. Stem +
Root
Affix
stem
Job+s, desir+ed, sitt+ing, etc.

9. Unlock+ed, un+desirable+s
1. Stem
Root
Affix1
Affix2
Stem
Unlock+ed, un+desirable+s

10. de+nation+al+iz(e) +ed
1. Stem
Root
Affix1
Affix2
Affixn-1
Affixn
stem
de+nation+al+iz(e) +ed

11. 1. Stem
Root
Root
Affix
Stem
Greenhouse+s

12. 3.2.3 Types of morphemes
A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology.
Inflectional affixes are added to it: in the part of the word-formation which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.

13. 2. Base
A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added; it may also be defined as “a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied.”
Distinction between base and root
A base is derivationally analysable form to which derivational affixes are added, while a root is a form which permits no further analysis. E.g.
Greenhouses:
base: greenhouse VS root: green, house

14. 2. Base Distinction between base and stem
Both derivational and inflectional affixes can be added to a base, whereas only inflectional affixes can be added to a stem. E.g.
1. Desirable
Base: desire root: desire
a suffix –able is added to “desire”, while desire is also the root because it is not further analyzable.
2. Undesirable
Base: desirable; root :desire

15. 2. Base Figure (1) + desire able unanalysable root Derivational suffix

16. 2. Base +
Derivational prefix
Analysable base un
desirable
Figure (2)

17. 2. Base +
stem/base
Inflectional suffix
undesirable s
Figure (3)

18. 3.2.3 Types of morphemes Figure (4)+
Inflectional suffix
root /stem/ base
desire d
Figure (4)

19. (3) Derivational morphemes
Derivational morphemes (derivational affixes): they are so called because when they are added to another morpheme, they “derive” a new word.
Eg. Re+write, mini+ car, super+market,
modern+ize, careless+ness, worker.

20. (3) Derivational morphemes
Many derivational morphemes have a special lexical meaning: e.g.
--ism means “doctrine or point of view as in socialism;
pro-means “on the side of” in pro-communist.
Derivational morphemes have not only independent lexical meaning but also affective meaning. E.g.
Pejorative meaning: misdeed, maltreat, pseudo-science
Derogatory meaning: hireling, weakling, childish, bookish.

21. (4) Inflectional morphemes
An inflectional morpheme serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.
It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is affixed. E.g.
Chairs, boxes; working, worked; slower, slowest.

22. The hierarchical structure of a word
unsuitable (adj.)
un suitable (adj.)
suit (v) able

23. Topic for discussion Explain the following statement with example.
Phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in grammar.