1. Extensive Reading

2. Match the people with their achievement
Da Vinci Don Quixote
Galileo Hamlet
Cervantes Free Fall
Experiment
Shakespeare Mona Lisa

3. Copernicus

4. 哥白尼(Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473-1543), 波兰天文学家、日心说创立者, 近代天文学的奠基人。
哥白尼经过长期的天文观测和研究, 创立了更为科学的宇宙结构体系——日心说, 从此否定了在西方统治达一千多年的地心说。

5. 日心说经历了艰苦的斗争后, 才为人们所接受, 这是天文学上一次伟大的革命,不仅引起了人类宇宙观的重大革新, 而且从根本上动摇了欧洲中世纪宗教神学的理论支柱。“从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来”, “科学的发展从此便大踏步前进”（恩格斯《自然辩证法》）。

6. 哥白尼著有阐述日心说的《天体运行论》(1543年出版), 由于受到时代的局限,在日心说中保留了所谓“完美的”圆形轨道等论点。其后开普勒建立行星运动三定律, 牛顿发现万有引力定律，以及行星光行差、视差相继发现, 日心说遂建立在更加稳固的科学基础上。

7. Pre-reading
We all know something about Copernicus. He was one of the first scientists to use mathematical observations to collect information. He believed the sun is the center of the universe and the earth and other planets goes around it. The chart on P.7 shows his theory.

8. Copernicus’ Revolutionary Theory

9. Nicolas Copernicus Birth: February 19, 1473 Death: May 24, 1543
Place of Birth: Toruń, Poland
Career:
Studied mathematics at Kraków Academy
1496 Went to Italy to study astronomy and law at the University of Bologna

10. 1497 Began observations of the Sun,
Moon, and planets
1514 Wrote Commentariolus, an outline
of his astronomical ideas, but did not
circulate it widely
1543 Published De Revolutionibus
Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions
of the Celestial)

11. Read through the passage, and tell whether the following statements are true or false.
At Copernicus’ time, Christian Church
was in charge of many western
countries. T

12. 2. Copernicus noticed that observed from the earth, some planets appears in front of or behind the earth. F
3. Copernicus didn’t show his new theory
to his friends until he completed it.
4. His friends were not interested in his
ideas. T F

13. 5. Since he was not afraid of being attacked by the Church, Copernicus published his book as soon as he finished working on it.
6. Newton, Einstein, and Hawking are all scientists who made contribution to the study of the universe. F T

15. Read carefully again and try to draw the two theories of the universe.
Before Copernicus’ theory
Showing Copernicus’ theory
A diagram showing the solar system with the Earth at its centre
A diagram showing the solar system with the Sun at its centre

17. Analyze the following picture carefully and try to explain how a loop is formed.

19. Sample writing (P7)
Dear Nicolaus Copernicus,
I am a student studying astronomy and
I would very much like to read your
new theory about the solar system. I
hope you will publish it for several
reasons.

20. I understand the problems with the
present theory. The way the planets
move is not what you would expect if the earth was the centre of the universe. It is also odd that the brightness of some stars seems to change. So I agree with you that we need a new theory.

21. I know your observations have been very carefully carried out over many years. Now you must have the courage to publish them. Science can never advance unless people have the courage of their beliefs.

22. I know you worry about what will
happen if you publish your new theory.
No matter how people oppose it, time will
show whether your ideas are right or wrong.
So I hope you will feel you can publish your new theory.
Yours sincerely,
(your name)

23. Language points 1. Fill in the blankets with proper words.
1).Mao Zedong is the great leader of the Chinese R_________.
evolution
2). The Invention of the computer caused a r________ in our way of living.
evolution

24. 3). Sun Zhongsan is a great r___________ leader.
4).Yuan Longping created a r___________ new way of growing rice.
evolutionary
evolutionary

25. 2. lead to: to result in 导致
Your carelessness will lead to the
trouble in the future.
cigarette death
scandal fire
lead to
mistake resign
accident loss

26. 3. make sense
1). to have a clear meaning
No matter how I tried to read it, the sentence didn't make sense.
2). to be wise course of action
It makes sense to take care of your health.

27. 4. complete; compete
a. They found themselves __________ with foreign companies for a share of the market.
b. The building took two and a half years to ________.
competing
complete

28. 5. spin
spinning
spun
spun
a spinning coin
a spinning wheel
spin a top

29. We span the coin to see who would have first turn.
I spun around to see who had spoken.

30. 6. enthusiastic: be interested in
She’s very ____________
__________ singing.
We explain our plan, and he is very ___________.
enthusiastic
about/over
enthusiastic

31. enthusiastic enthusiasm enthusiastically
She shows boundless __________ for the work.
She greeted him _____________ with a kiss.
She is very __________ about Eastern music.
enthusiasm
enthusiastically
enthusiastic

32. 7. cautious: careful to avoid risk
be cautious about/of sb./sth.
cautiously

33. 银行在贷款方面十分慎重。
The bank is very cautious about lending money.
我的爸爸是一位非常谨慎的司机。
My father is a very cautious driver.
警卫告戒我要当心陌生人。
The guard warned me to be cautious about strangers.

34. cautious; curious
a. I’ve always been very _______ about giving my address to strangers.
b. He is very _______ about the origin of mankind.
cautious
curious

35. 8. If you don’t like Tom, you may r_____ his gift.
If you don’t think the suggestion is suitable for you, you may r____ it.
eject
eject

36. an offer
a possibility
a theory
reject
candidate
applicant
refuse to accept
rejected

37. enthusiastic; cautious; reject
请选用方框内所给词的适当形式填空。
Tom dreamed of joining the army when he was very young. He was very _______ and made a plan to study hard. He was __________ about the plan. But when he was about 16, he got a bad illness. Because of this, he was ________ in his studies and also he was _______ by the army.
backward; complete;
enthusiastic; cautious; reject
cautious
enthusiastic
backward
rejected

38. enthusiastic; cautious; reject
backward; complete;
enthusiastic; cautious; reject
He was so sad that he almost fainted at the news. His parents suggested to him that he have other choices. Then he followed his parents’ advice and decided to go to the west to help those poor students after he __________ his studies in the college.
completed

39. 用适当的介词填空。
1. The quarrel led __ the fighting between the two villagers.
2. He is always positive _____ trying new ideas.
3. His father is very strict ____ him and strict __ his studies too. to
about
with in

40. 4. We should base our theory __ fact.
5. The photo calls up the memory of his childhood __ times.
6. According to my point __ view, we should stick to our plan. on at of

41. Reading task on P44

42. “Seven Bridges of Konigsberg” and the famous “Euler path”.
What’s Euler’s puzzle?
Koningsberg is an island and there is a river breaking it into two parts.

43. People wondered if they could walk around the city by crossing the seven bridges without going over any of them twice or going back on himself, but Euler found he couldn’t cross all the seven ones. This is Euler’s puzzle.

44. How did Euler prepare for his research?
The first stage in his research is to find the problem that he could cross six of the bridges without going over any of them twice or going back on himself, but he couldn’t cross all seven.

45. The second stage is to think of a
method: He drew a map and used
dots and lines to simplify his analysis.
Trying and observing over and over
again, he found a general rule.

46. What are the theories?
It is topology. Euler’s theory is called “The Euler path”, which is expressed like this: If a figure has more than two odd points, you cannot go over it without lifting your pencil from the page or going over a line twice.

47. So the general rule that Euler found is the even points and the odd points.

48. Look at the following pictures:

53. Conclusion
Euler’s theory (一笔画)
可以一笔画只有两种情况：
1. 没有奇数顶点。
2. 只有两个奇数顶点。