1. Perfect Passive Participles
What’s a participle, anyway?

2. Terminology
A participle is a verbal adjective, which means it has characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
As an adjective, it modifies a noun and has
case, number, gender
uses 1st & 2nd declension endings
As a verb, it has:
tense
voice

3. Types of Participles
In Latin, there are three main types of participles: present active, perfect passive, and future active. We will learn all three this year.
In this chapter, we will focus on the perfect passive participle.

4. Perfect Passive Participle
Just like the perfect system passive (perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses), the perfect passive participle is formed with the 4th principal part.
Unlike the perfect system passive, no second word is added – it IS the 4th principal part
Using 1st/2nd adjective endings, the participle agrees with the noun it describes in case, number, and gender, just like a regular adjective.
Translation: having been ________ed
i.e. Having been carried

5. Perfect Pass. Part. Forms
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom.
portātus
portāta
portātum
Gen.
portātī
portātae
Dat.
portātō
Acc.
portātam
Abl.
portātā

6. Plural Forms Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom. portātī portātae
Gen.
portātōrum
portātārum
Dat.
portātīs
Acc.
portātōs
portātās
Abl.

7. Translating a perfect passive participle
Look at this sentence:
[Coquus ab omnibus vocātus] laudātus est.
The underlined portion is the participial phrase.
Latin word order: (noun modified…..participle)
The most literal translation is:
The cook, having been summoned, was praised by everyone.

8. Other examples
[Convīvae ad cēnam invītātī]ā Cornēliō ipsō salūtātī sunt.
The guests, having been invited to dinner, were greeted by Cornelius himself.
[Convīvae in trīclīnium ductī] in lectīs accubuērunt.
The guests, having been led into the dining room, rclined on the couches.

9. More examples [Porcus ā servīs scissus] ad mēnsam portātus est.
The pig/pork, having been carved by slaves, was carried to the table
[Cēna optima ā Cornēliō data] ab omnibus laudāta est.
The best dinner, having been given by Cornelius, was praised by everyone.
Marcus [librum a suo magistro scriptum] legit.
Marcus read the book having been written by his teacher.

10. In Summary A participle is a verbal adjective.
A perfect passive participle is the same as the 4th principal part.
A perfect passive participle uses 1st/2nd declension endings.
A perfect passive participle can always be translated “having been.”