1. Analogical Reasoning

2. Analogies
transferring (mapping) information from a particular subject (source) to another particular subject (target)
Source
Target
Analogy
Source attribute 1
Source attribute 2
……..
Source attribute n
Target attribute 1
Target attribute 2
…..
Target attribute n
Idea mapping 1
Idea mapping 2 ……
Idea mapping n

4. Scientists use analogies….
Expanding universe is “rather like a balloon with a number of spots painted in it being steadily blown up” (Hawkings)
Planetary motion is like the working of a clock (Kepler)
Benzene ring is like “snakes biting their tails” (Kekule)
Huygens used water waves to understand light

5. Analogies enhance concept learning….
Series
circuit

6. Based on Semantic Network Theory
Concepts are viewed psychologically as objects, attributes of objects, and relationships between objects
Represented as propositional networks of nodes and predicates.

7. Kinds of Analogical Comparisons
Analogical Comparison of Concepts
Analogical Comparison of Relationships
Analogical Comparison of Cases
Models are analogies

8. Analogical Comparison of Concepts
Concepts compared based on attributes
Attribute taking one argument

10. Analogical Comparison of Relationships
Compare groups of concepts based on relationships
HAND : PALM : : FOOT : ____

11. Analogical Comparison of Cases
Comparing relational structure for structural alignment